ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2023
The Adaptation Model of Immunity: Signal IV Matters Most in Determining the Functional Outcomes of Immune Responses.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Moving beyond cytotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy: embracing tumor microenvironment remodeling for durable control.British journal of cancer · 2025Review
- The Invisible Lens: Why Theoretical Models Are Essential for Interpreting Immune Phenomena.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Redefining the Immunobiology of Organ Transplantation for New Clinical Horizons.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- Anti-Tumour Immunity Relies on Targeting Tissue Homeostasis Through Monocyte-Driven Responses Rather Than Direct Tumour Cytotoxicity.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2025Article
- Central Tolerance or Central Adaptation?Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Article
- The quantum model of T-cell activation: Revisiting immune response theories.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
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Abstract
Current research in immunology and immunotherapy is fully influenced by the self-nonself model of immunity. This theoretical model suggests that alloreactivity results in graft rejection, whereas tolerance toward self-antigens expressed by malignant cells facilitates cancer development. Similarly, breakage of immunological tolerance toward self-antigens results in autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, immune suppression is recommended for the management of autoimmune diseases, allergy, and organ transplantation, whereas immune inducers are used for the treatment of cancers. Although the danger model, the discontinuity model, and the adaptation model are proposed for a better understanding of the immune system, the self-nonself model continues to dominate the field. Nevertheless, a cure for these human diseases remains elusive. This essay discusses current theoretical models of immunity, as well as their impacts and limitations, and expands on the adaptation model of immunity to galvanize a new direction for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.