ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2023
Characterization of neurotropic HPAI H5N1 viruses with novel genome constellations and mammalian adaptive mutations in free-living mesocarnivores in Canada.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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71 citing papers in PubMed, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among owned and feral cats in Philadelphia and surrounding communities.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Serologic Surveillance of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5 in Wildlife, Northeast Germany, 2023-2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
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- "The trust is gone": smallholder poultry producers' perceptions of biosecurity measures against highly pathogenic avian influenza.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Potent efficacy of an NA-targeting antibody against a broad spectrum of H5N1 influenza viruses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Current Status of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Mammals.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Novel recombinant H5-based vaccine provides effective protection against H5N1 influenza virus in cats.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Characterization of H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from Ezo red fox in Japan in a mouse model.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Expanding Horizons: Host Range Evolution and Treatment Strategies for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 and H7N9.Viruses · 2025Review
- Genotype A3 influenza A(H5N1) isolated from fur seals shows high virulence in mammals, but not airborne transmission.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Influenza A Virus H5N1 Subtype: Resurgent Interspecies and Intercontinental Transmission, and a New Host.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Marked neurotropism and potential adaptation of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4.b virus in naturally infected domestic cats.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Dominant substitutions underlying the antigenic evolution of H5 influenza virus.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Cross-neutralizing and potent human monoclonal antibodies against historical and emerging H5Nx influenza viruses.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Serological Evidence of Exposure to Eurasian-Lineage HPAI H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Mammals in Ohio, USA, 2024-2025.Viruses · 2025Article
- Feline high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 infection: past and present.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2025Review
- Transmission and pathogenicity in ferrets after experimental infection with HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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36 authors at 12 institutions in 3 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The GsGd lineage (A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996) H5N1 virus was introduced to Canada in 2021/2022 through the Atlantic and East Asia-Australasia/Pacific flyways by migratory birds. This was followed by unprecedented outbreaks affecting domestic and wild birds, with spillover into other animals. Here, we report sporadic cases of H5N1 in 40 free-living mesocarnivore species such as red foxes, striped skunks, and mink in Canada. The clinical presentations of the disease in mesocarnivores were consistent with central nervous system infection. This was supported by the presence of microscopic lesions and the presence of abundant IAV antigen by immunohistochemistry. Some red foxes that survived clinical infection developed anti-H5N1 antibodies. Phylogenetically, the H5N1 viruses from the mesocarnivore species belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and had four different genome constellation patterns. The first group of viruses had wholly Eurasian (EA) genome segments. The other three groups were reassortant viruses containing genome segments derived from both North American (NAm) and EA influenza A viruses. Almost 17 percent of the H5N1 viruses had mammalian adaptive mutations (E627 K, E627V and D701N) in the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the RNA polymerase complex. Other mutations that may favour adaptation to mammalian hosts were also present in other internal gene segments. The detection of these critical mutations in a large number of mammals within short duration after virus introduction inevitably highlights the need for continually monitoring and assessing mammalian-origin H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses for adaptive mutations, which potentially can facilitate virus replication, horizontal transmission and posing pandemic risks for humans.
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