ArticleScientific reports2023
Mapping the immune landscape in small cell lung cancer by analysing expression of immuno-modulators in tissue biopsies and paired blood samples.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating the expression of CTLA-4 and CD28 genes as immune regulators in patients with colorectal polyps.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Graph neural network modeling of spatial tumor-immune interactions identifies prognostic cellular niches in non‑small cell lung cancer.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Targeting FOXM1 reshapes antitumor immunity to attenuate small cell lung cancer progression.Cancer letters · 2026Article
- Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Lung Cancer: Recent Development and Perspective.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Clofazimine inhibits small-cell lung cancer progression by modulating the kynurenine/aryl hydrocarbon receptor axis.International journal of biological macromolecules · 2024Article
- Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance in small cell lung cancer.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) are aggressive tumors with high propensity to metastasize. Recent NCCN guidelines have incorporated immunotherapy in extensive stage SCLC. Limited benefit in few patients compounded by side effects of unwonted immune-checkpoint-inhibitor (ICPI) usage necessitates identification of potential biomarkers predicting response to ICPIs. Attempting this, we analysed expression of various immunoregulatory molecules in tissue biopsies and paired blood samples of SCLC patients. In 40 cases, immunohistochemistry for expression of immune inhibitory receptors CTLA-4, PD-L1 and IDO1 was performed. Matched blood samples were quantified for IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and sCTLA-4 levels using immunoassay and additionally for IDO1 activity (Kynurenine/Tryptophan ratio) using LC-MS. Immunopositivity for PD-L1, IDO1 and CTLA-4 was identified in 9.3%, 6.2% and 71.8% cases, respectively. Concentration of serum IFN-γ (p-value < 0.001), TNF-α (p-value = 0.025) and s-CTLA4 (p-value = 0.08) were higher in SCLC patients while IL-2 was lower (p-value = 0.003) as compared to healthy controls. IDO1 activity was significantly elevated in SCLC cohort (p-value = 0.007). We proffer that SCLC patients show immune suppressive milieu in their peripheral circulation. Analysis of CTLA4 immunohistochemical expression along with s-CTLA4 levels appears prospective as biomarkers for predicting responsiveness to ICPIs. Additionally, evaluation of IDO1 appears cogent both as prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target as well.
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