SynthesisFrontiers in endocrinology2023
Frequency and clinical characteristics of hypophysitis and hypopituitarism in patients undergoing immunotherapy - A systematic review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between tumor genomic mutations and the risk of PD-1 inhibitor-induced hypophysitis: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Beyond Tumor Immunity: The Disruption of Endocrine and Infectious Homeostasis by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Consensus-based disease definitions for endocrine immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Review
- Pituitary enlargement and hypopituitarism in patient with lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Metastasis or hypophysitis? Role of imaging.Radiology case reports · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced hypophysitis: a specific disease of corticotrophs?Endocrine connections · 2024Article
- Hypocortisolemic ASIA: a vaccine- and chronic infection-induced syndrome behind the origin of long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Unveiling the Etiopathogenic Spectrum of Hypophysitis: A Narrative Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- ACTH Stimulation Test for the Diagnosis of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: Light and Shadow.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To describe the frequency of hypophysitis and hypopituitarism in cancer patients who are undergoing antineoplastic treatment with immunotherapy, as well as to describe the clinical, epidemiological, and demographic characteristics of these patients. Methods: A systematic search of the literature in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials took place on May 8 and 9, 2020. Randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, case series and case reports were included. Results: A total of 239 articles were obtained, in which 963 cases of hypophysitis and 128 cases of hypopituitarism were found in a treated population of 30,014 individuals (3.20% and 0.42% of the evaluated population, respectively). In the cohort studies, the incidence of hypophysitis and hypopituitarism ranged from 0% to 27.59% and from 0% to 17.86%, respectively. In the non-randomized clinical trials, the incidence of hypophysitis and hypopituitarism ranged from 0% to 25% and from 0% to 14.67%, and in randomized clinical trials from 0% to 16.2% and from 0% to 33.33%. The most common hormonal changes were in the corticotrophic, thyrotrophic and gonadotrophic axes. The main magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were enlargement of the pituitary gland and enhanced contrast uptake. The main symptoms presented by patients with hypophysitis were fatigue and headache. Conclusion: The present review reported a frequency of hypophysitis and hypopituitarism of 3.20% and 0.42%, respectively, in the evaluated population. The clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients affected by hypophysitis were also described. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42020175864.
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