ArticleApplied biological chemistry2023
Characterization of macrophage activation after treatment with polysaccharides from ginseng according to heat processing.
Article in Applied biological chemistry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ginseng polysaccharides: Structures-based classification and biological activities-A review.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Review
- Immunoenhancing Effects of JejuPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pharmacodynamic Evaluation and Mechanism of Ginseng Polysaccharide against Nephrotoxicity Induced by Hexavalent Chromium.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Innate Immune-Enhancing Effect ofJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Ameliorative Effects ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Ameliorative Effects of Korean-Red-Ginseng-Derived Polysaccharide on Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea.Polymers · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
The worldwide persistence of infectious diseases is a significant public health issue. Consequently, studying immunomodulatory ingredients present in natural products, such as ginseng, is important for developing new treatment options. Here, we extracted three different types of polysaccharides from white (P-WG), red (P-RG), and heat-processed (P-HPG) ginseng and analyzed their chemical properties and immunostimulatory activity against RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Carbohydrates were the main components of all three polysaccharide types, while uronic acid and protein levels were relatively low. Chemical analysis indicated that the content of carbohydrates (total sugar) increased with processing temperature, while that of uronic acid decreased. Treatment with P-WG, P-RG or P-HPG stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production and increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with P-WG showing the highest activity among the three polysaccharides. The expression of inducible NO synthase, which affects NO secretion, was highest in the macrophages treated with P-WG. Analysis of intracellular signaling pathways showed that mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38) and NF-kB p65 were strongly phosphorylated by P-WG in macrophages but were only moderately phosphorylated by P-RG and P-HPG. Collectively, these results suggest that the polysaccharides isolated from ginseng undergo different changes in response to heat processing and display different chemical compositions and immune-enhancing activities.
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