ArticleBMC chemistry2023
Harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in two novel nicotine pouch products in comparison with regular smokeless tobacco products and pharmaceutical nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs).
Article in BMC chemistry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative disease risks associated with cigarette smoking and use of moist smokeless tobacco and snus: an umbrella review of epidemiological evidence from the United States and Western Europe.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- What is the impact of nicotine pouches on oral health: a systematic review.BMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- Oral health effects of nicotine pouches in snus users: clinical and immunological findings.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Trial
- Single-use and six-week effects of a non-tobacco nicotine pouch on dental plaque characteristics: a randomized crossover study with observational follow-up.BMC oral health · 2026Trial
- Evaluation of high-nicotine oral products shows potential to reduce tobacco-related harm by offering satisfying alternatives.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Characterization of the nicotine uptake and safety of Nordic spirit tobacco-free oral nicotine pouches: A randomized cross-over study.Psychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Using Pod Based e-Cigarettes and Nicotine Pouches to Reduce Harm for Adults With Low Socioeconomic Status Who Smoke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Evaluating the effects of nicotine concentration on the appeal and nicotine delivery of oral nicotine pouches among rural and Appalachian adults who smoke cigarettes: A randomized cross-over study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Trial
- Oral Nicotine Pouch Use and Associations with Periodontal Status and Salivary Microbiome Dysbiosis.JDR clinical and translational research · 2026Article
- FDA authorisation of Zyn nicotine pouches: cross-sectional analysis of public discourse on X.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Nicotine pouches: an aid in smoking cessation, or a new public health hazard?Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- The emerging role of oral nicotine pouches in tobacco harm reduction.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Use of Images to Assess Awareness and Use of Emerging Nicotine Pouch Products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Investigating the Appeal of Nicotine Pouch Packaging, Flavour, and Nicotine Descriptors Among Adults in the UK: An Online Experiment.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Dissolution and physical characterization of oral nicotine pouch products.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Nicotine pouches: A wolf in sheep's clothing.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Article
- Research on the safety risk of oral nicotine products and its prospects.Current research in toxicology · 2026Review
- Nicotine pouches, oral cancer and tobacco harm reduction: current evidence and research priorities.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTobacco-free nicotine pouches is a novel category of oral nicotine-delivery products. Among current tobacco users such pouches may serve as a low-risk alternative to cigarettes or conventional, tobacco-based oral products e.g., snus and moist snuff. In the United States (U.S.), the market leading nicotine-pouch brand is ZYN®. However, no data on the chemical characteristics of ZYN have been published.
methodsWe screened for 43 compounds potentially present in tobacco products in seven oral nicotine-delivery products: ZYN (dry and moist), snus (General
resultsThe tested products contained nicotine at varying levels. The two ZYN products contained no nitrosamines or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) but low levels of ammonia, chromium, formaldehyde, and nickel. In the NRT products we quantified low levels of acetaldehyde, ammonia, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, uranium-235, and uranium-238. The largest number (27) and generally the highest levels of HPHCs were quantified in the moist snuff products. For example, they contained six out of seven tested PAHs, and seven out of ten nitrosamines (including NNN and NNK). A total of 19 compounds, none of which were PAHs, were quantified at low levels in the snus product. NNN and NNK levels were five to 12-fold lower in snus compared to the moist snuff products.
conclusionsNo nitrosamines or PAHs were quantified in the ZYN and NRT products. Overall, the number of quantified HPHCs were similar between ZYN and NRT products and found at low levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.