SynthesisInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health2023
Measurement in the study of human exposure to animal feces: A systematic review and audit.
Synthesis in International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Interventions to improve hand hygiene in community settings: a systematic review of theories, barriers and enablers, behaviour change techniques and hand hygiene station design features.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- Measurement in the study of human exposure to animal feces: A systematic review and audit.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Pooled it
- Formative research for a One Health, animal-inclusive approach to Community-Led Total Sanitation in rural Mali.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Child exposure to animal feces and zoonotic pathogens in northwest Ecuador: A mixed-methods study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Dirt Floors and Domestic Animals Are Associated with Soilborne Exposure to Antimicrobial-ResistantEnvironmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Prenatal and postnatal environmental influences on child growth trajectories across a rural-urban gradient: an analysis of the ECoMiD longitudinal birth cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Who has sheds? Exploring practices and determinants of overnight housing for backyard poultry in rural Bangladesh to inform an intervention to limit exposure to poultry and poultry feces.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Perspective: Connecting the dots between domestic livestock ownership and child linear growth in low- and middle-income countries.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Multilevel factors drive child exposure to enteric pathogens in animal feces: A qualitative study in northwestern coastal Ecuador.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- The development and validation of a survey to measure fecal-oral child exposure to zoonotic enteropathogens: The FECEZ Enteropathogens Index.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman exposure to animal feces is increasingly recognized as an important transmission route of enteric pathogens. Yet, there are no consistent or standardized approaches to measurement of this exposure, limiting assessment of the human health effects and scope of the issue.
objectiveTo inform and improve approaches to the measurement of human exposure to animal feces, we audited existing measurement in low- and middle-income countries.
methodsWe systematically searched peer-reviewed and gray literature databases for studies with quantitative measures of human exposure to animal feces and we classified measures in two ways. First, using a novel conceptual model, we categorized measures into three 'Exposure Components' identified a priori (i.e., Animal, Environmental, Human Behavioral); one additional Component (Evidence of Exposure) inductively emerged. Second, using the exposure science conceptual framework, we determined where measures fell along the source-to-outcome continuum.
resultsWe identified 1,428 measures across 184 included studies. Although studies overwhelmingly included more than one single-item measure, the majority only captured one Exposure Component. For example, many studies used several single-item measures to capture the same attribute for different animals, all of which were classified as the same Component. Most measures captured information about the source (e.g. animal presence) and contaminant (e.g. animal-sourced pathogens), which are most distal from exposure on the source-to-outcome continuum. DISCUSSION: We found that measurement of human exposure to animal feces is diverse and largely distal from exposure. To facilitate better assessment of the human health effects of exposure and scope of the issue, rigorous and consistent measures are needed. We recommend a list of key factors from the Animal, Environmental, and Human Behavioral Exposure Components to measure. We also propose using the exposure science conceptual framework to identify proximal measurement approaches.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.