ArticleHealth & place2023
Measuring disadvantage: A systematic comparison of United States small-area disadvantage indices.
Article in Health & place, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Child Opportunity Index and Children's Health: A Meta-Analysis.Pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Are we measuring neighborhood disadvantage wrong? A methodological reassessment of its structure in the United States.SSM - population health · 2026Article
- Use of the Child Opportunity Index in Adolescent and Young Adult Health Research.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2026Article
- Hospital-Based Pediatric Suicide Risk Screening Outcomes Vary by Demographic and Clinical Characteristics.JAACAP open · 2026Article
- Validity of Area-Based Social Risk Indices Used at Higher-Level Geographies and Clinic Locations.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Characterising resilient and at-risk neighbourhoods with lower-than-expected and higher-than-expected firearm injuries and fatalities in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2026Article
- Community-level Health and Socioeconomic Disparities in Coccidioidomycosis: Insights from the Social Deprivation and Healthy Places Indices.Medical mycology · 2026Article
- Comparing Neighborhood Indices of Socioeconomic Status, Segregation, and Healthcare Access for Predicting Late-Stage Breast Cancer.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Indices, Income, and Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome at the Census Tract Level.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Comparing Predictive Power of Area-Level Socioeconomic Status Indices Across Health Outcomes and Geographic Levels.Medical care · 2026Article
- Patient-Centered Communication in Telehealth Settings.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- The association between four neighborhood disadvantage indices and child chronic health classifications.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Determinants of Health as a Composite Index: Comparing Area-Based Indices in Public Health Research.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Safety Net Programs as Primary Prevention Against Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in the United States: Natural Experiments with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Unpacking Social Disadvantage Metrics in Neuromuscular Conditions: Area Deprivation Index Versus Child Opportunity Index.Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2025Article
- Manifestations of Structural Racism and Inequities in Cardiovascular Health Across US Neighborhoods.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Association Between the Child Opportunity Index and Individual Level Social Risks.Journal of pediatrics. Clinical practice · 2025Article
- Death by Neighborhood: Preliminary Results on Disparities in Violent Deaths by Neighborhood Opportunity With the Child Opportunity Index 3.0.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Childhood Suicide Risk in the Emergency Department.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Incidence of Frailty, Dementia, and Disability Among Community-Living Older Americans According to County-Level Disadvantage.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Extensive evidence demonstrates the effects of area-based disadvantage on a variety of life outcomes, such as increased mortality and low economic mobility. Despite these well-established patterns, disadvantage, often measured using composite indices, is inconsistently operationalized across studies. To address this issue, we systematically compared 5 U.S. disadvantage indices at the county-level on their relationships to 24 diverse life outcomes related to mortality, physical health, mental health, subjective well-being, and social capital from heterogeneous data sources. We further examined which domains of disadvantage are most important when creating these indices. Of the five indices examined, the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI) were most related to a diverse set of life outcomes, particularly physical health. Within each index, variables from the domains of education and employment were most important in relationships with life outcomes. Disadvantage indices are being used in real-world policy and resource allocation decisions; an index's generalizability across diverse life outcomes, and the domains of disadvantage which constitute the index, should be considered when guiding such decisions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.