ArticleBMJ open sport & exercise medicine2023
Energy expenditure, dietary intake and energy availability in female professional football players.
Article in BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Do elite soccer players meet nutritional requirements? A scoping review and meta-analysis.BMC nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Pooled it
- Influence of Carbohydrate Intake on Different Parameters of Soccer Players' Performance: Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Fueling Women's Football: Evidence-Informed Practical Nutrition Strategies for Performance and Health.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Association Between Habitual Food Intake and Energy Metabolism-Related Urine Metabolites in Female Soccer Players.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Differences in Total Daily Energy Expenditure Across Field Sports: A Narrative Review.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Review
- Energy expenditure, intake and availability in female soccer players via doubly labelled water: Are we misrepresenting low energy availability?Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- #ReadyToPlay: Risk Factors in the Norwegian Women's Premier League Football-Perceptions and Priorities of Club Stakeholders.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2025Article
- Fueling Soccer Players: A Scoping Review and Audit of Literature Related to Soccer-Specific Guidelines for Carbohydrate Intake.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Nutritional perspectives in female soccer: a scoping review.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Article
- Does Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Syndrome Exist?Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Review
- Risk for low energy availability, disordered eating and sleep disturbance among female football players.Physical activity and nutrition · 2024Article
- Risk and prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) among professional female football players.European journal of sport science · 2024Article
- Dietary intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in semi-professional female soccer players: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- Evaluating the Suitability of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) for Female Football Players.Sports medicine - open · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: To quantify energy expenditure and intake in professional female footballers playing on a national and/or international level. Second, to determine the prevalence of low energy availability among these players, defined as <30 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day. Methods: Fifty-one players completed a 14-day prospective observational study during the 2021/2022 football season. Energy expenditure was determined using the doubly labelled water method. Energy intake was assessed using dietary recalls, while global positioning system determined the external physiological load. Descriptive statistics, stratification and the correlation between explainable variables and outcomes were conducted to quantify the energetic demands. Results: The mean energy expenditure for all players (22±4 years) was 2918±322 kcal. Mean energy intake was 2274±450 kcal, resulting in a discrepancy of ~22%. Carbohydrate intake was below the recommended guidelines on match day at 4.5±1.9 g/kg. The mean energy availability was 36.7±17.7 kcal/kg FFM/day on matchday and 37.9±11.7 kcal/kg FFM/day on training days, resulting in a prevalence of 36% and 23% for low energy availability during the observational period, respectively. Conclusion: These elite female football players displayed moderate energy expenditure levels and failed to meet the recommended levels of carbohydrate intake. In conjunction with inadequate nutritional periodisation, this will likely hamper performance through inadequate muscle glycogen resynthesis. In addition, we found a considerable prevalence of low energy availability on match and training days.
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