ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2023
The association between sex hormones and periodontitis among American adults: A cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estradiol Enhances Alveolar Bone Resorption by Promoting Osteoclast Differentiation in Experimental Periodontitis.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Association between self-reported poor oral health and subjective cognitive decline: a cross-sectional analysis of US survey data.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Periodontal disease and endocrine imbalance: a molecular pathways perspective.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
- Exploratory Analysis of Sex-Related Immune Gene Expression in Patients With Severe Periodontitis.Balkan journal of medical genetics : BJMG · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Oral microbiome dysbiosis in women with a history of pregnancy loss: a metagenomic cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Neutrophils drive sexual dimorphism in experimental periodontitis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Association between brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and periodontitis: Results from a large population-based study.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Associations of Urinary Total Arsenic and Arsenic Species and Periodontitis.International dental journal · 2024Article
- Tooth loss in breast cancer patients: A comparison between tamoxifen-treated and non-treated patients.Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal · 2024Observational
- Recent insights into the role of hormones during development and their functional regulation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Variability of salivary analytes under daily conditions and their implications for periodontitis biomarkers.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2024Article
- Relationship between serum uric acid levels and periodontitis-A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2024Article
- Adherence to Mediterranean diet and female urinary incontinence: Evidence from the NHANES database.PloS one · 2024Article
- Sex-based Dysregulation of Inflammation-related Genes in Periodontitis.International journal of molecular and cellular medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: After adulthood, as a person grows older, the secretion of sex hormones in the body gradually decreases, and the risk of periodontitis increases. But the relationship between sex hormones and periodontitis is still controversial. Methods: We investigated the association between sex hormones and periodontitis among Americans over 30 years old. 4,877 participants containing 3,222 males and 1,655 postmenopausal females who had had periodontal examination and detailed available sex hormone levels, were included in our analysis from the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys cycles. We applied multivariate linear regression models to estimate the connection between sex hormones and periodontitis after converting sex hormones into categorical variables through tertile. Additionally, to ensure the stability of the analysis results, we carried out a trend test, subgroup analysis, and interaction test. Results: After fully adjusting the covariates, estradiol levels were not associated with periodontitis in both males and females with a P for trend = 0.064 and 0.064, respectively. For males, we found that sex hormone-binding globulin was positively associated with periodontitis (tertile3 vs tertile1: OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.17-2.28, p = 0.004, P for trend = 0.005). Congruously, free testosterone (tertile3 vs tertile1: OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.43-0.84, p = 0.003), bioavailable testosterone (tertile3 vs tertile1: OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.36-0.71, p < 0.001), and free androgen index (tertile3 vs tertile1: OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.37-0.75, p < 0.001) was found to be negatively associated with periodontitis. Moreover, subgroup analysis of age found a closer relationship between sex hormones and periodontitis in those younger than 50 years. Conclusion: Our research suggested that males with lower bioavailable testosterone levels affected by sex hormone-binding globulin were at a higher risk of periodontitis. Meanwhile, estradiol levels were not associated with periodontitis in postmenopausal women.
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