Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36863347›Full record

ArticleMed (New York, N.Y.)2023

Evolution of long-term vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity in healthcare workers after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens.

Shona C Moore, Barbara Kronsteiner, Stephanie Longet, Sandra Adele, Alexandra S Deeks, Chang Liu, Wanwisa Dejnirattisai, Laura Silva Reyes, Naomi Meardon, Sian Faustini and 55 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Med (New York, N.Y.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
9.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes drive CD8Journal of translational medicine · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

65 authors at 14 institutions in 3 countries.

Shona C MooreNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Barbara KronsteinerPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Stephanie LongetPandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sandra AdelePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Alexandra S DeeksPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
Chang LiuWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Wanwisa DejnirattisaiWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Laura Silva ReyesOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Naomi MeardonSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
Sian FaustiniInstitute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Saly Al-TaeiInstitute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Tom TiptonPandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Luisa M HeringNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Adrienn AngyalDepartment of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Rebecca BrownDepartment of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Alexander R NicolsTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
Susan L DobsonNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Piyada SupasaWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Aekkachai TuekprakhonWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Andrew CrossLiverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
Jessica K TyermanTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
Hailey HornsbyDepartment of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Irina GrounevaDepartment of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Megan PlowrightSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Peijun ZhangDepartment of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Thomas A H NewmanSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Jeremy M NellDepartment of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Priyanka AbrahamPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Mohammad AliPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Tom MalonePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Isabel NealePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Eloise PhillipsPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Joseph D WilsonPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sam M MurrayPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Martha ZewdiePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Adrian ShieldsInstitute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
Emily C HornerMRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Lucy H BoothMRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Lizzie StaffordWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sagida BibiOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Daniel G WoottonNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Alexander J MentzerWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
Christopher P ConlonOxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Katie JefferyOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Philippa C MatthewsPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Andrew J PollardWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Anthony BrownPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sarah L Rowland-JonesSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Juthathip MongkolsapayaWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Rebecca P PayneTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
Christina DoldOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Teresa LambeOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
James E D ThaventhiranMRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Gavin ScreatonWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Eleanor BarnesPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Susan HopkinsUK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Victoria HallUK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Christopher J A DuncanTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Alex RichterInstitute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
Miles CarrollPandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Thushan I de SilvaSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Paul KlenermanPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: paul.klenerman@ndm.ox.ac.uk.
Susanna DunachiePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.
Lance TurtleNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: lance.turtle@liverpool.ac.uk.
PITCH Consortium
University of Oxford · GBCentre for Human Genetics · GBAngkor Hospital for Children · KHUniversity of Liverpool · GBSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity of Sheffield · GBNewcastle University · GBUniversity of Cambridge · GBNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · GBPublic Health England · GBUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity of Birmingham · GBSiriraj Hospital · THUniversity College Hospital · GB

Funding

Ethiopia-Emory TB Research Training ProgramD43TW009127 · FIC · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI HENRY M BLUMBERG, Kidist Bobosha · 2013 to 2026
$3.4M
British Heart Foundation FS/18/52/33808British Heart Foundation PG/11/116/29,288British Heart Foundation PG/11/116/29288Department of Health COV19-RECPLASDepartment of Health NIHR200907Department of Health NIHR300791FIC NIH HHS D43 TW009127Medical Research Council MC_UU_0025/12Medical Research Council MR/W020564/1Medical Research Council MR/W02067X/1Medical Research Council MR/X001598/1Medical Research Council MR/X009297/1Wellcome Trust 090532/Z/09/ZWellcome Trust 110058/Z/15/ZWellcome Trust 110,110Z/15/ZWellcome Trust 204721/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 205228/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 211153/Z/18/ZWellcome Trust WT109965MA
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundBoth infection and vaccination, alone or in combination, generate antibody and T cell responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the maintenance of such responses-and hence protection from disease-requires careful characterization. In a large prospective study of UK healthcare workers (HCWs) (Protective Immunity from T Cells in Healthcare Workers [PITCH], within the larger SARS-CoV-2 Immunity and Reinfection Evaluation [SIREN] study), we previously observed that prior infection strongly affected subsequent cellular and humoral immunity induced after long and short dosing intervals of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccination.

methodsHere, we report longer follow-up of 684 HCWs in this cohort over 6-9 months following two doses of BNT162b2 or AZD1222 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) vaccination and up to 6 months following a subsequent mRNA booster vaccination.

findingsWe make three observations: first, the dynamics of humoral and cellular responses differ; binding and neutralizing antibodies declined, whereas T and memory B cell responses were maintained after the second vaccine dose. Second, vaccine boosting restored immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels; broadened neutralizing activity against variants of concern, including Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5; and boosted T cell responses above the 6-month level after dose 2. Third, prior infection maintained its impact driving larger and broader T cell responses compared with never-infected people, a feature maintained until 6 months after the third dose.

conclusionsBroadly cross-reactive T cell responses are well maintained over time-especially in those with combined vaccine and infection-induced immunity ("hybrid" immunity)-and may contribute to continued protection against severe disease.

fundingDepartment for Health and Social Care, Medical Research Council.

Indexed as

COVID-19VaccinesAntibodies, NeutralizingBNT162 VaccineChAdOx1 nCoV-19COVID-19 VaccinesHealth PersonnelHumansImmunity, HumoralProspective StudiesSARS-CoV-2Antibodies, NeutralizingBNT162 VaccineChAdOx1 nCoV-19COVID-19 VaccinesVaccinesantibodyCOVID-19COVID vaccineimmunitySARS-CoV-2T cellsTranslation to population health

Identifiers

PMID36863347
PMCPMC9933851
OpenAlexW4321099736

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.