ArticleDiabetes care2023
Refining the Definition of Stage 1 Type 1 Diabetes: An Ontology-Driven Analysis of the Heterogeneity of Multiple Islet Autoimmunity.
Article in Diabetes care, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Impact of screening programmes for type 1 diabetes in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Pooled it
- An international consensus on screening and monitoring early-stage type 1 diabetes: A roadmap to European implementation.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Generalizability of Progression Risk in the TN-10 Trial to a European Population With or Without a First-Degree Relative With Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Evolution of islet autoantibodies in the Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) prospective cohort.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Safety and pharmacokinetics of teplizumab in children less than 8 years of age with stage 2 type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Immunogenetics and TCR expression patterns together predict future T1D onset from multi-omic datasets.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in the Era of Disease-Modifying Immune Therapy.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- Are We Ready With Prevention for Type 1 Diabetes?Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- Type 1 diabetes prediction in autoantibody-positive individuals: performance, time and money matter.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- The Current Landscape for Screening and Monitoring of Early-Stage Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2025Review
- IA-2A positivity increases risk of progression within and across established stages of type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- Consensus guidance for monitoring individuals with islet autoantibody-positive pre-stage 3 type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Consensus Guidance for Monitoring Individuals With Islet Autoantibody-Positive Pre-Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Islet autoantibodies as precision diagnostic tools to characterize heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review.Communications medicine · 2024Article
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13 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveTo estimate the risk of progression to stage 3 type 1 diabetes based on varying definitions of multiple islet autoantibody positivity (mIA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsType 1 Diabetes Intelligence (T1DI) is a combined prospective data set of children from Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the U.S. who have an increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Analysis included 16,709 infants-toddlers enrolled by age 2.5 years and comparison between groups using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.
resultsOf 865 (5%) children with mIA, 537 (62%) progressed to type 1 diabetes. The 15-year cumulative incidence of diabetes varied from the most stringent definition (mIA/Persistent/2: two or more islet autoantibodies positive at the same visit with two or more antibodies persistent at next visit; 88% [95% CI 85-92%]) to the least stringent (mIA/Any: positivity for two islet autoantibodies without co-occurring positivity or persistence; 18% [5-40%]). Progression in mIA/Persistent/2 was significantly higher than all other groups (P < 0.0001). Intermediate stringency definitions showed intermediate risk and were significantly different than mIA/Any (P < 0.05); however, differences waned over the 2-year follow-up among those who did not subsequently reach higher stringency. Among mIA/Persistent/2 individuals with three autoantibodies, loss of one autoantibody by the 2-year follow-up was associated with accelerated progression. Age was significantly associated with time from seroconversion to mIA/Persistent/2 status and mIA to stage 3 type 1 diabetes.
conclusionsThe 15-year risk of progression to type 1 diabetes risk varies markedly from 18 to 88% based on the stringency of mIA definition. While initial categorization identifies highest-risk individuals, short-term follow-up over 2 years may help stratify evolving risk, especially for those with less stringent definitions of mIA.
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