ArticleJournal of psychoactive drugs
Pronounced Regional Variation in Esketamine and Ketamine Prescribing to US Medicaid Patients.
Article in Journal of psychoactive drugs. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is the antidepressant efficacy of ketamine and esketamine mediated via opioid mechanisms?European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Pooled it
- Profiles of Medicaid Beneficiaries with Treatment-Resistant Depression Initiated on Esketamine Nasal Spray.Neurology and therapy · 2025Article
- Global Trends in the Use of Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder.Current psychiatry reports · 2025Review
- Ketamine Versus Electroconvulsive Therapy for the Treatment of Depression: A Guide for Clinicians.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2025Article
- Declines and pronounced state-level variation in clozapine use among Medicare patients.PloS one · 2025Article
- Associations between psychedelic use and adverse outcomes in substance use disorders: a real-world EHR-based cohort study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Patterns in (es)citalopram prescriptions to Medicaid and Medicare patients in the United States: the potential effects of evergreening.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ketamine and esketamine are efficacious for treatment-resistant depression. Unlike other antidepressants, ketamine lacks a therapeutic delay and decreases the risk for suicide. This cross-sectional study geographically characterized ketamine and esketamine prescribing to United States (US) Medicaid patients. Ketamine and esketamine prescription rates and spending per state were obtained. Between 2009 and 2020, ketamine prescribing rates peaked in 2013 followed by a general decline. For ketamine and esketamine in 2019, Montana (967/million enrollees) and Indiana (425) showed significantly higher prescription rates, respectively, relative to the national average. A total of 21 states prescribed neither ketamine nor esketamine in 2019. There was a 121.3% increase in esketamine prescriptions from 2019 to 2020. North Dakota (1,423) and North Carolina (1,094) were significantly elevated relative to the average state for esketamine in 2020. Ten states prescribed neither ketamine nor esketamine in 2020. Medicaid programs in 2020 spent 72.7-fold more for esketamine ($25.3 million) than on ketamine (0.3 million). Despite the effectiveness of ketamine and esketamine for treatment-resistant depression and anti-suicidal properties, their use among Medicaid patients was limited and highly variable in many areas of the US. Further research to better understand the origins of this state-level variation is needed.
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Registered trials
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