SynthesisKnee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA2023
Trochlea dysplasia, increased TT-TG distance and patella alta are risk factors for developing first-time and recurrent patella dislocation: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Medial quadriceps tendon-femoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellofemoral instability: a systematic review.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2026Pooled it
- The efficacy of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction combined with distal femoral varus osteotomy in recurrent patellar dislocation and genu valgum.Musculoskeletal surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Factors associated with an increased risk of osteochondral injuries after patellar dislocations: a systematic review.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023Pooled it
- Comparable clinical outcomes and redislocation rates after isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in patients with and without borderline anatomical risk factors for patellar instability.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Patellofemoral instability: Anatomy, imaging techniques, and clinically relevant measurements.Skeletal radiology · 2026Review
- Overcoming Limitations in Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove Distance Measurement: A Study of Its Reproducibility and Reliability in High-Grade Trochlear Dysplasia.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Lower Trochlear Facet Asymmetry Ratio Is Associated with Objective Patellar Instability in a Retrospective MRI Case-Control Study with Patella Alta-Positive Controls.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Allograft Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Using Patellar Suture Anchors and Stepwise Medial Imbrication.Arthroscopy techniques · 2026Article
- Increased sagittal patellar height and reduced trochlear engagement on MRI are associated with recurrent patellar instability in skeletally immature knees: A comparative study.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Outcomes of MPFL Reconstruction with Grammont in Pediatric Patients with Patellar Instability and Increased TT-TG Distance: A Comparison Study.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Distal cortical notching significantly decreases tibial stability following tibial tubercle osteotomy: An in vitro porcine biomechanical study.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- The apTTTG distance decreases linearly with knee flexion: A dynamic CT-based analysis in patients with patellofemoral instability.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Assessing Trochlear Dysplasia With the Novel Lateral Trochlear Anterior Condyles Angle.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Beyond the medial patellofemoral ligament: The role of concomitant bony procedures in recurrent patellar instability.Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Disease (2013) · 2026Review
- Introducing Increased Lateral Tibial Height and Decreased Medial Meniscal Bone Angle as Independent Risk Factors for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Relationship of Baseline Physical Activity and Morphologic Factors in Patients With Lateral Patellar Instability.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Mapping the Femoral Trochlea: Development of the Multi-level Axial Patellofemoral Score for Trochlear Dysplasia (MAPS-TD) to Classify Trochlear Dysplasia Severity.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Influence of the screw-home mechanism on TT-TG distance: a 3D kinematic simulation study.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2026Article
- Patellar Morphology in Recurrent Lateral Patellofemoral Instability: Associations With Risk Factors and Postoperative Outcomes.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- A retrospective Follow-Up after derotational distal femoral osteotomy combined with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for the treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe aim of the study was to perform a systematic review and best knowledge synthesis of the present literature concerning biomechanical risk factors for developing first-time and recurrent patella dislocation.
methodsThe study was performed as a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed and EMBASE were systematically searched. Studies investigating participants with risk factors for first-time as well as recurrent patella dislocation were included. The records were screened, and data extracted independently by two researchers supervised by a third independent assessor. The study was registered in PROSPERO.
resultsA total of 6233 records were screened, and 50 studies met the inclusion criteria. The biomechanical risk factors: trochlear dysplasia, increased tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG), and patella alta were found to be statistically significantly associated with patella dislocation in several publications and were thus recognized as risk factors for patella dislocation. The soft-tissue stabilizers: longer and thinner MPFL ligament, increased number of type 2C and decreased number of type 1 muscle fibers, and joint laxity were found to be statistically significantly associated with patella dislocation in a few publications, but due to limited evidence, no conclusion was made on this matter.
conclusionThere is strong evidence in the literature that abnormalities of bony stabilizers, trochlear dysplasia, increased TT-TG distance, and patella alta are risk factors for patella dislocation. There is less evidence that soft-tissue stabilizers are risk factors. The study emphasizes the importance of a thorough investigation of bony stabilizers in clinical decision-making. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.