ArticleEndocrine2023
Low vitamin D levels predict outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with both severe and non-severe disease at hospitalization.
Article in Endocrine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Bone Mineral Density, Bone Biomarkers, and Joints in Acute, Post, and Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Pharmacological evaluation of vitamin D in COVID-19 and long COVID-19: recent studies confirm clinical validation and highlight metformin to improve VDR sensitivity and efficacy.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- The effect of vitamin D supplementation on antibiotic use: a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- The Association between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Urinary Tract Infection Risk in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Sex differences in the clinical presentation and complications of primary hyperparathyroidism: insights from a single-center cohort study.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Chronic cholecalciferol supplementation and adequate vitamin D status are associated with reduced risk of Long COVID.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of chronic cholecalciferol supplementation and vitamin D status on risk of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.Endocrine · 2026Observational
- Vitamin D in Gut and Systemic Immune Tolerance and in Infections' Risk: An International Evidence-Based Consensus Statement.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Vitamin D in Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review Focusing on COVID-19, Long COVID, and Influenza.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Vitamin D in the elderly: the phil-rouge in preventing bone, muscle and adipose deterioration?Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- Article
- Morphometric vertebral fractures at hospitalization associate with Long COVID occurrence.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
- Vitamin D and hip protectors in osteosarcopenia: a combined hip fracture preventing approach.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Evaluation of vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor expression, and innate immune mediators in COVID-19.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Observational
- Correlation between rs7041 and rs4588 polymorphisms in vitamin D binding protein gene and COVID-19-related severity and mortality.BMC medical genomics · 2024Article
- Beyond Antivirals: Alternative Therapies for Long COVID.Viruses · 2024Review
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeLow vitamin D in COVID-19 have been related to worse outcomes. However, most of the studies conducted so far were not-controlled and retrospective, including biases potentially influencing this association. We evaluated 25(OH)vitamin D levels of patients with both severe and non-severe disease at hospital-admission, and in a cohort of control subjects. Moreover, we evaluated sACE-2 levels to investigate the mechanisms underlying the association between vitamin D and COVID-19.
methodsCOVID-19 patients were enrolled in a matched for age, sex and comorbidities 1:1-ratio based on the presence/or not of respiratory-distress/severe-disease at hospital-admission. Control matched subjects were enrolled from an outpatient-setting.
resultsSeventy-three COVID-19 patients (36 severe and 37 non-severe) and 30 control subjects were included. We observed a higher vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) prevalence in COVID-19 patients than control subjects (75% vs 43%). No differences were found regarding 25(OH)vitamin D and sACE-2 levels between patients with and without severe-disease at study entry. During the disease-course, in the severe group a life-threatening disease occurred in 17 patients (47.2%), and, in the non-severe group, a worsening disease occurred in 10 (27%). 25(OH)vitamin D levels, at admission, were negatively correlated with sACE-2 levels, and were lower in patients whose disease worsened as compared to those in whom it did not, independently from the disease severity at admission. In multivariate-analysis, lower 25(OH)vitamin D resulted as an independent risk factor for disease worsening.
conclusions25(OH)vitamin D levels at hospital-admission strongly predicted the occurrence of worsening outcomes in COVID-19 independently of the disease severity at presentation.
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