ArticleBMJ open2023
Prevalence and risk factors of hypothyroidism after universal salt iodisation: a large cross-sectional study from 31 provinces of China.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current status of hypothyroidism control in Guangzhou area, China: a cross-sectional survey.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Association between childhood obesity and thyroid function: a cross-sectional study in a Chinese population.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Determinants of Thyroid Dysfunction in Southern Saudi Arabia: Identifying High-Risk Populations Through Integrated Risk Factor Analysis.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Retrospective analysis of thyroid functions and sonographic characteristics of the thyroid gland in a health check-up population in China during 2020-2024.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Analysis of the association between water iodine concentration and TyG-BMI index with thyroid diseases: a cross-sectional study in Shandong province, China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- [Prevalence characteristics of autoimmune thyroid disease in women aged 10-59 years in Qingdao City from 2022 to 2024].Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences · 2025Article
- Iodine Intake from Universal Salt Iodization Programs and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Hippocampal NLRP1 inflammasome mediates anxiety-like behavior in mice with hypothyroidism.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Thyroid Dysfunction Prevalence and Risk Factors in the Southeastern Part of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Young and Middle-Aged Patients With First-Episode Drug-Naïve Major Depressive Disorder.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate the prevalence and risk factors of hypothyroidism after universal salt iodisation for 20 years in mainland China.
designNationwide, cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND
participantsThe Thyroid Disorders, Iodine Status and Diabetes epidemiological study included adults from 31 provinces of China. Data included demographic, physical characteristics, urine, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid-peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and thyroid ultrasonography. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) was classified into severe SCH (TSH >10 mU/L) and mild SCH (TSH 4.2-9.9 mU/L). A total of 78 470 (38 182 men and 40 288 women) participants were included in the final analysis.
resultsThe prevalence of hypothyroidism was 13.95%. The prevalence rates of overt hypothyroidism (OH) and SCH were 1.02% and 13.93%, which mild SCH was significantly higher than severe SCH (12.18% vs 0.75%). Prevalence was higher in women than in men, and this gender difference was noted among all age groups. The prevalence of mild SCH, severe SCH and OH increases by 1.16%, 1.40% and 1.29% for every 10 years older. TPOAb or/and TgAb positive were significantly associated with OH and severe SCH (OR 15.9, p<0.001). However, SCH was positively correlated with increased urine iodine concentration, but this correlation was only in antibody-negative female patients. In non-autoimmune and male populations, there was a U-shaped relationship between severe SCH and OH and urine iodine concentration.
conclusionsMild SCH is the most common form of hypothyroidism, which is related to iodine intake. Severe SCH is more similar to OH which autoimmune is the main cause. The various effects of iodine on hypothyroidism depend on thyroid autoimmune and gender.
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