ArticleDiabetes care2023
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Three Large Prospective U.S. Cohort Studies.
Article in Diabetes care, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06737276 (Dietary Advice Training in Nursing Using Simulation and Interactive Fiction), which is not on this map. Cited by 157 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Dietary Advice Training in Nursing Using Simulation and Interactive Fiction: a Randomised Controlled Trial
Who cites it
157 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 200 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Ultra-processed food intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of three prospective cohorts of Korean adults and an updated meta-analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Evidence on the Role of Ready-to-Eat Cereals in Diet and Non-Communicable Disease Prevention.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of ultra-processed foods consumption on the burden of obesity and type 2 diabetes in Belgium: a comparative risk assessment.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024Pooled it
- Ultra-processed food consumption and metabolic disease risk: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of observational studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Ultra-processed food consumption and chronic kidney disease risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Ultra-Processed Foods and Human Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Diet Quality and Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- Associations Between Ultra-Processed Food (UPF) Consumption and Weight Change and Obesity Risk Among Consumers of Plant-Based Diets: A Systematic Review.Journal of the American Nutrition AssociationPooled it
- One-Year Weight Loss Following a Remote Culinary Medicine Program: A Bi-Center Randomized Controlled Trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Trial
- Processed foods in the context of a vegan diet, and changes in body weight and severe hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Trial
- Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Metabolic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Trial
- Isocaloric replacement of ultraprocessed foods was associated with greater weight loss in the POUNDS Lost trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Trial
- Dietary Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes Among African American Populations: A Scoping Review Through a Socio-Ecological Lens.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Associations of food processing and dietary risk factors with colorectal cancer incidence in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: A cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Ultraprocessed Food Intake and Adiposity, Vascular Brain Injury, and Cognition in Middle-Aged Adults.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Ultra-processed foods and continuous glucose monitoring metrics in adults with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2026Article
- Plant-Based Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevention, Risk, Metabolic Health and the Role of Legumes, Dietary Fiber, and Red Meat.Nutrients · 2026Review
97 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe examined the relationship between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk among 3 large U.S. cohorts, conducted a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, and assessed meta-evidence quality. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe included 71,871 women from the Nurses' Health Study, 87,918 women from the Nurses' Health Study II, and 38,847 men from the Health Professional Follow-Up Study. Diet was assessed using food frequency questionnaires and UPF was categorized per the NOVA classification. Associations of total and subgroups of UPF with T2D were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. We subsequently conducted a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies on total UPF and T2D risk, and assessed meta-evidence quality using the NutriGrade scoring system.
resultsAmong the U.S. cohorts (5,187,678 person-years; n = 19,503 T2D cases), the hazard ratio for T2D comparing extreme quintiles of total UPF intake (percentage of grams per day) was 1.46 (95% CI 1.39-1.54). Among subgroups, refined breads; sauces, spreads, and condiments; artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages; animal-based products; and ready-to-eat mixed dishes were associated with higher T2D risk. Cereals; dark and whole-grain breads; packaged sweet and savory snacks; fruit-based products; and yogurt and dairy-based desserts were associated with lower T2D risk. In the meta-analysis (n = 415,554 participants; n = 21,932 T2D cases), each 10% increment in total UPF was associated with a 12% (95% CI 10%-13%) higher risk. Per NutriGrade, high-quality evidence supports this relationship.
conclusionsHigh-quality meta-evidence shows that total UPF consumption is associated with higher T2D risk. However, some UPF subgroups were associated with lower risk in the U.S. cohorts.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.