ReviewViruses2023
Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection, EBV, HHV-6 and Other Factors May Contribute to Inflammation and Autoimmunity in Long COVID.
Review in Viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 125 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers of post-acute infection syndrome: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis following SARS-COV-2 infections: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Symptom-based clusters in people with post-COVID-19 condition (PCC).Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Translational insights into Long-COVID: evaluation of preclinical animal models along the lung-brain-immune axis with focus on Golden Syrian Hamsters.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Cellular Metabolic Signatures of Long COVID-19.Infectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Current status and future perspectives on the mechanistic and pathophysiological understanding of long COVID.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection Associated with HHV-6A Reactivation and an Inhibitory KIR2DL2/HLA-C1 Immunogenetic Profile.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Dysregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Post-COVID-19 and IPF: Correlations with Systemic Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A perfect storm: the immunological and pathophysiological landscape of pediatric post-COVID-19 condition.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Elevated serum levels of interleukin-11 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Donepezil ameliorates fatigue and depression in PASC patients with HHV-6B SITH-1-induced acetylcholine deficiency.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Targeting dyspnoea through exercise intensity: insights from pulmonary rehabilitation and beyond, a narrative review.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Review
- Neurosenescence, inflammaging and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Abnormal T-Cell activation and cytotoxic T-Cell frequency discriminate symptom severity in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Comparable Immune Alterations and Inflammatory Signatures in ME/CFS and Long COVID.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Lower airway microbiota compositions and diversity among ventilator-associated pneumonia patients across COVID-19 epidemic phases: a retrospective study.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Web of Science-Based Visualization of Mapping Global Scientific Production on Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Autoimmune Diseases: A Bibliometric Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Microbiome and Long COVID-19: Current Evidence and Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A novel syndrome called long-haul COVID or long COVID is increasingly recognized in a significant percentage of individuals within a few months after infection with SARS-CoV-2. This disorder is characterized by a wide range of persisting, returning or even new but related symptoms that involve different tissues and organs, including respiratory, cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal, musculo-skeletal, neurological, endocrine and systemic. Some overlapping symptomatologies exist between long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Very much like with long ME/CFS, infections with herpes family viruses, immune dysregulation, and the persistence of inflammation have been reported as the most common pattern for the development of long COVID. This review describes several factors and determinants of long COVID that have been proposed, elaborating mainly on viral persistence, reactivation of latent viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6 which are also associated with the pathology of ME/CFS, viral superantigen activation of the immune system, disturbance in the gut microbiome, and multiple tissue damage and autoimmunity. Based on these factors, we propose diagnostic strategies such as the measurement of IgG and IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, EBV, HHV-6, viral superantigens, gut microbiota, and biomarkers of autoimmunity to better understand and manage this multi-factorial disorder that continues to affect millions of people in the world.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.