ArticleBMC public health2023
Ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes: a multinational cohort study of 20 million individuals from England and Canada.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of obesity and hypertension in paediatric cardiology patients before and after COVID-19 lockdown measures.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Rapid Qualitative Approaches in Pandemic Research: Protocol for an Exploratory Qualitative Multimethod Study (VERDIQual) on Mpox in Italy, Nigeria, Thailand, and the United Kingdom.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic Inequalities in COVID-19 Booster Dose Vaccination Coverage: a Retrospective Study of 196 Provinces in Peru.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Impact: A Scoping Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic's Effects on Racialized Populations in Canada.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- COVID-19's effect on healthcare disparities: delivery, reimbursement, and premature mortality in residentially segregated populations.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Changes in self-reported physical and mental health, behaviour and economic status among adults by known seropositivity and sociodemographic factors before and after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Ischgl, Austria.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Connect, collaborate and tailor: a model of community engagement through infographic design during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Caveats in reporting of national vaccine uptake.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on "biological aging".Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Explaining COVID-19 related mortality disparities in American Indians and Alaska Natives.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Boosting and broadening recruitment to UK cancer trials: towards a blueprint for action.BMJ oncology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHeterogeneous studies have demonstrated ethnic inequalities in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and adverse COVID-19 outcomes. This study evaluates the association between ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes in two large population-based cohorts from England and Canada and investigates potential explanatory factors for ethnic patterning of severe outcomes.
methodsWe identified adults aged 18 to 99 years in the QResearch primary care (England) and Ontario (Canada) healthcare administrative population-based datasets (start of follow-up: 24th and 25th Jan 2020 in England and Canada, respectively; end of follow-up: 31st Oct and 30th Sept 2020, respectively). We harmonised the definitions and the design of two cohorts to investigate associations between ethnicity and COVID-19-related death, hospitalisation, and intensive care (ICU) admission, adjusted for confounders, and combined the estimates obtained from survival analyses. We calculated the 'percentage of excess risk mediated' by these risk factors in the QResearch cohort.
resultsThere were 9.83 million adults in the QResearch cohort (11,597 deaths; 21,917 hospitalisations; 2932 ICU admissions) and 10.27 million adults in the Ontario cohort (951 deaths; 5132 hospitalisations; 1191 ICU admissions). Compared to the general population, pooled random-effects estimates showed that South Asian ethnicity was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 death (hazard ratio: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.09-2.44), hospitalisation (1.53; 1.32-1.76), and ICU admission (1.67; 1.23-2.28). Associations with ethnic groups were consistent across levels of deprivation. In QResearch, sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors accounted for 42.9% (South Asian) and 39.4% (Black) of the excess risk of COVID-19 death.
conclusionInternational population-level analyses demonstrate clear ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 risks. Policymakers should be cognisant of the increased risks in some ethnic populations and design equitable health policy as the pandemic continues.
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