ArticlePloS one2023
Implementing artificial intelligence in Canadian primary care: Barriers and strategies identified through a national deliberative dialogue.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Perceptions of, Barriers to, and Facilitators of the Use of AI in Primary Care: Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Opportunities, challenges, and requirements for Artificial Intelligence (AI) implementation in Primary Health Care (PHC): a systematic review.BMC primary care · 2025Pooled it
- The Ethics of Leveraging Routinely Collected Patient Data for AI Development: Mixed Methods Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Facilitators and barriers to implementing AI-assisted diagnostic systems in primary healthcare services in low-resource settings: a mixed-methods study protocol.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- How Implementation Context Shapes Clinician Acceptance and Engagement with Guideline-Based Clinical Decision Support Systems in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2026Article
- Family caregivers' acceptance of Artificial Intelligence-enabled technologies for providing care to older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Public trust of AI in healthcare in South Africa: results of a survey.BMC medical ethics · 2025Article
- AI and Primary Care: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Partners in Practice: Primary Care Physicians Define the Role of Artificial Intelligence.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Perspectives of Health Care Professionals on the Use of AI to Support Clinical Decision-Making in the Management of Multiple Long-Term Conditions: Interview Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Application of a Sociotechnical Framework to Uncover Factors That Influence Effective User Engagement With Digital Mental Health Tools in Clinical Care Contexts: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the future of Iran's Primary Health Care (PHC) system.BMC primary care · 2025Article
- Review
- Implementation Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in Radiotherapy: Can Implementation Science Help?JCO clinical cancer informatics · 2024Article
- Towards abundant intelligences: Considerations for Indigenous perspectives in adopting artificial intelligence technology.Healthcare management forum · 2024Article
- Leadership for AI Transformation in Health Care Organization: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Article
- Developing an AI Tool to Derive Social Determinants of Health for Primary Care Patients: Qualitative Findings From a Codesign Workshop.Annals of family medicineArticle
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWith large volumes of longitudinal data in electronic medical records from diverse patients, primary care is primed for disruption by artificial intelligence (AI) technology. With AI applications in primary care still at an early stage in Canada and most countries, there is a unique opportunity to engage key stakeholders in exploring how AI would be used and what implementation would look like.
objectiveTo identify the barriers that patients, providers, and health leaders perceive in relation to implementing AI in primary care and strategies to overcome them.
design12 virtual deliberative dialogues. Dialogue data were thematically analyzed using a combination of rapid ethnographic assessment and interpretive description techniques.
settingVirtual sessions.
participantsParticipants from eight provinces in Canada, including 22 primary care service users, 21 interprofessional providers, and 5 health system leaders.
resultsThe barriers that emerged from the deliberative dialogue sessions were grouped into four themes: (1) system and data readiness, (2) the potential for bias and inequity, (3) the regulation of AI and big data, and (4) the importance of people as technology enablers. Strategies to overcome the barriers in each of these themes were highlighted, where participatory co-design and iterative implementation were voiced most strongly by participants. LIMITATIONS: Only five health system leaders were included in the study and no self-identifying Indigenous people. This is a limitation as both groups may have provided unique perspectives to the study objective.
conclusionsThese findings provide insight into the barriers and facilitators associated with implementing AI in primary care settings from different perspectives. This will be vital as decisions regarding the future of AI in this space is shaped.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.