ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2023
Factors Associated With Long COVID Symptoms in an Online Cohort Study.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding how social determinants of health shape Long COVID outcomes: a rapid review of evidence.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Factors affecting the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on post COVID-19 conditions among adults: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Excess risks of long COVID symptoms compared with identical symptoms in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with control groups.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 risk, course and outcome in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Exploring Long COVID diagnostic equity by sex, race and ethnicity, and insurance type.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Longitudinal study of genome-wide DNA methylation in individuals with and without post-acute symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection.Epigenomics · 2026Article
- Long term cardiometabolic outcomes in COVID positive patients.Journal of public health research · 2026Review
- Trends in depressive episodes in pre-, intra-, and post-COVID-19 pandemic periods among South Korean adults.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Differential Factors Associated With the Presence of Persistent Symptoms in Individuals Diagnosed With Long COVID: Protocol for a Longitudinal Matched Case-Control Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Observational
- Influence of alcohol on the worsening of COVID-19 and the occurrence of long COVID.Revista latino-americana de enfermagem · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-mediated HIF-2α activation in retinal endothelial cells suggests a mechanism contributing to post-COVID endothelial dysfunction.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Validation of the Arabic Version Post-COVID-19 Symptom Scale (PCSS-Ar) for Assessing Long COVID-19 Severity Among Arabic-Speaking Populations: A Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis Study.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and impact of long COVID: pathophysiology, neuropsychiatric effects and vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Pre-pandemic lifestyle patterns and mental health outcomes among people reporting post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: evidence from a Slovenian population-based sample.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Long COVID Is Associated with Excess Direct Healthcare Expenditures Among Adults in the United States.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Long COVID in the population of COVID-19 hospitalized patients discharged from SUS' hospitals in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil: a patient-engaged cohort survey study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The Current and Future Burden of Long COVID in the United States.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Long Covid Symptom Clusters, Correlates and Predictors in a Highly Vaccinated Australian Population in 2023.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- Association of Pre-COVID Fitness With Post-COVID Fitness and Long COVID in the Cooper Center Longitudinal Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- A nationwide study of risk factors for long COVID and its economic and mental health consequences in the United States.Communications medicine · 2025Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
17 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Few prospective studies of Long COVID risk factors have been conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, or medical history preceding COVID-19 or characteristics of acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are associated with Long COVID. Methods: In March 26, 2020, the COVID-19 Citizen Science study, an online cohort study, began enrolling participants with longitudinal assessment of symptoms before, during, and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Adult participants who reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result before April 4, 2022 were surveyed for Long COVID symptoms. The primary outcome was at least 1 prevalent Long COVID symptom greater than 1 month after acute infection. Exposures of interest included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, employment, socioeconomic status/financial insecurity, self-reported medical history, vaccination status, variant wave, number of acute symptoms, pre-COVID depression, anxiety, alcohol and drug use, sleep, and exercise. Results: Of 13 305 participants who reported a SARS-CoV-2 positive test, 1480 (11.1%) responded. Respondents' mean age was 53 and 1017 (69%) were female. Four hundred seventy-six (32.2%) participants reported Long COVID symptoms at a median 360 days after infection. In multivariable models, number of acute symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 1.30 per symptom; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.40), lower socioeconomic status/financial insecurity (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.02-2.63), preinfection depression (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16), and earlier variants (OR = 0.37 for Omicron compared with ancestral strain; 95% CI, 0.15-0.90) were associated with Long COVID symptoms. Conclusions: Variant wave, severity of acute infection, lower socioeconomic status, and pre-existing depression are associated with Long COVID symptoms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.