ReviewOxford open immunology2022
Long Covid brain fog: a neuroinflammation phenomenon?
Review in Oxford open immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Brain fog with long covid and chemotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ mental health · 2025Pooled it
- Review
- Nutritional Approaches to Managing Brain Fog: Insights Into Neuroinflammation, the Gut-brain Axis, and Sleep.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Long COVID-associated neurological symptoms and brain fog: Understanding the mechanism of neuroinflammation, BBB disruption, diagnostics, and therapeutics.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Quality of life and mental health in children with long COVID.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Mitigating fatigue in long COVID patients with MYPBMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Long COVID - a critical disruption of cholinergic neurotransmission?Bioelectronic medicine · 2025Review
- A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Long COVID Interventions on Brain Fog, Processing Speed, and Other Related Cognitive Outcomes.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Direct effects of prolonged TNF-α and IL-6 exposure on neural activity in human iPSC-derived neuron-astrocyte co-cultures.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Protein swarm-based cause-effect analysis: effects of microRNAs on cooperation networks linking COVID-19 infections, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- LED-emitted blue light improves quality of life and reduces fatigue after COVID-19 infection.Postepy dermatologii i alergologii · 2024Article
- Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID-A Review of the Literature.Microorganisms · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a process triggered by an attack on the immune system. Activation of microglia in response to an immune system challenge can lead to a significant impact on cognitive processes, such as learning, memory and emotional regulation. Long Covid is an ongoing problem, affecting an estimated 1.3 million people within the UK alone, and one of its more significant, and as yet unexplained, symptoms is brain fog. Here, we discuss the potential role of neuroinflammation in Long Covid cognitive difficulties. Inflammatory cytokines have been found to play a significant role in reductions in LTP and LTD, a reduction in neurogenesis, and in dendritic sprouting. The potential behavioural consequences of such impacts are discussed. It is hoped that this article will allow for greater examination of the effects of inflammatory factors on brain function, most particularly in terms of their role in chronic conditions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.