ArticlePeerJ2023
The polarization of microglia and infiltrated macrophages in the injured mice spinal cords: a dynamic analysis.
Article in PeerJ, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Temporal regulation of macrophage polarization by abnormally innervated CGRP + Sensory nerves following spinal cord injury.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- Relaxin-2 Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Microglia Activation.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Low-Dose LPS Modulates Microglia/Macrophages Phenotypic Transformation to Amplify Rehabilitation Effects in Chronic Spinal Cord Injured (CSCI) Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Temporal changes of spinal microglia in murine models of neuropathic pain: a scoping review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Following spinal cord injury (SCI), a large number of peripheral monocytes infiltrate into the lesion area and differentiate into macrophages (Mø). These monocyte-derived Mø are very difficult to distinguish from the local activated microglia (MG). Therefore, the term Mø/MG are often used to define the infiltrated Mø and/or activated MG. It has been recognized that pro-inflammatory M1-type Mø/MG play "bad" roles in the SCI pathology. Our recent research showed that local M1 cells are mainly CD45 Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice were used to establish SCI model, using an Infinite Horizon impactor with a 1.3 mm diameter rod and a 50 Kdynes force. Sham-operated (sham) mice only underwent laminectomy without contusion. Flow cytometry and immunohistofluorescence were combined to analyze the dynamic changes of polarized Mø and MG in the acute (1 day), subacute (3, 7 and 14 days) and chronic (21 and 28 days) phases of SCI. Results: The total Mø/MG gradually increased and peaked at 7 days post-injury (dpi), and maintained at high levels 14, 21 and 28 dpi. Most of the Mø/MG were activated, and the Mø increased significantly at 1 and 3 dpi. However, with the pathological process, activated MG increased nearly to 90% at 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi. Both M1 and M2 Mø were increased significantly at 1 and 3 dpi. However, they decreased to very low levels from 7 to 28 dpi. On the contrary, the M2-type MG decreased significantly following SCI and maintained at a low level during the pathological process.
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