ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Detailed characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells after infection or heterologous vaccination.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pediatric long COVID is characterized by myeloid CCR6 suppression and immune dysregulation.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Capturing SARS-CoV-2 immune landscapes to inform future strategies for COVID-19 vaccination in a high-income setting: a mathematical modelling study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Combining Activation-Induced Markers With PD-L1 Selectively Enhances Detection of Antigen-Specific T Cells in Virus-Infected Individuals.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Hybrid B- and T-Cell Immunity Associates With Protection Against Breakthrough Infection After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccination in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) Participants.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Humoral and Memory B Cell Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA Vaccination.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Profile of Humoral Immunity and B Cell Pool in Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Prototype Strain and AZD1222 (ChAdOx nCoV-19) Vaccination.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses converge in kidney disease patients and controls with hybrid immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Immunosenescence and vaccine efficacy revealed by immunometabolic analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific cells in multiple sclerosis patients.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Immunocytometric analysis of patients with thymic epithelial tumors revealed that COVID-19 vaccine booster strongly enhanced the immune response.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The formation of a robust long-term antigen (Ag)-specific memory, both humoral and cell-mediated, is created following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination. Here, by using polychromatic flow cytometry and complex data analyses, we deeply investigated the magnitude, phenotype, and functionality of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory in two groups of healthy subjects after heterologous vaccination compared to a group of subjects who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovered patients show different long-term immunological profiles compared to those of donors who had been vaccinated with three doses. Vaccinated individuals display a skewed T helper (Th)1 Ag-specific T cell polarization and a higher percentage of Ag-specific and activated memory B cells expressing immunoglobulin (Ig)G compared to those of patients who recovered from severe COVID-19. Different polyfunctional properties characterize the two groups: recovered individuals show higher percentages of CD4
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