ArticleCureus2023
COVID-19 Induces Body Composition and Metabolic Alterations.
Article in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Insulin Resistance and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Predictive diagnostic models for newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in moderate to severe COVID-19: the role of TyG Index, BMI, and inflammatory markers.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Interferon Upregulation Associates with Insulin Resistance in Humans.Current diabetes reviews · 2025Review
- Altered Body Composition and Cytokine Production in Patients with Elevated HOMA-IR after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- The prognostic significance of insulin resistance in COVID-19: a review.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Review
- Diabetes Mellitus, Energy Metabolism, and COVID-19.Endocrine reviews · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are highly susceptible to disease-related metabolic dysregulation given the hyperinflammatory immune response of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These changes are remarkably involved in multiple steps in adipogenesis and lipolysis. This study aimed to elaborate on the significant relations of COVID-19 infection with body fat distribution, changes in serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels before and after the infection. Methods In this follow-up study, from July 2021 to September 2021, persons referred to a university-affiliated Nutrition Counselling Clinic were randomly selected for the study samples. Validated food frequency (FFQ) and physical activity questionnaires were completed. Body composition was assessed in this investigation. On the second visit, those who reported mild to moderate COVID-19 infection (without hospitalization) were selected as the case group and the asymptomatic individuals as the control group. All measurements were re-measured in the second visit. Results In a total of 441 patients, the mean age was 38.82±4.63 years. There were 224 (50.79%) male subjects, and 217 (49.20%) were females. There was a statistically significant difference in the longitudinal change in total fat percentage between subjects with and without COVID-19. Also, the difference in HOMA-IR before and after COVID-19 in case groups (both males and females) was statistically significant (P-value < 0.001). Moreover, serum insulin levels were significantly increased in all cases (P-value < 0.001), while remaining stable in control groups. When compared to their initial visit, COVID-19 patients' total fat percentage rose significantly (almost 2%) following a hypocaloric diet. Participants who were not infected with COVID-19 had a lower total fat percentage than those who were. Serum insulin and HOMA-IR levels increased significantly after infection compared to the primary measurements. Conclusion Individuals with COVID-19 infection may require tailored medical nutrition therapy to improve short and long-term COVID-19 outcomes such as muscle loss and fat accommodation.
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