ArticlePharmaceutics2023
Ginsenoside Rg3 Reduces the Toxicity of Graphene Oxide Used for pH-Responsive Delivery of Doxorubicin to Liver and Breast Cancer Cells.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative biodegradation of functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets by myeloperoxidase and neutrophil extracellular traps.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Protective Effects of Ginsenosides on Drug-induced Cardiotoxicity: A New Therapeutic Approach with Focus on Molecular Mechanisms in Cardio-oncology Field.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Sequential release of MTH1 inhibitor and chemotherapeutic drug using a pH-sensitive polymeric delivery system induces apoptosis in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL-27 cells in vitro.World journal of surgical oncology · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory Activities of Emerging Rare Ginsenosides F1, Rg5, Rk1, Rh1, and Rg2: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Simultaneous co-delivery of Ginsenoside Rg3 and imiquimod from PLGA nanoparticles for effective breast cancer immunotherapy.iScience · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms behind the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on hepatic fibrosis: a review.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
- Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway.Open life sciences · 2025Article
- Ginsenoside Rg3 in Cancer Research: Current Trends and Future Prospects - A Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- The pharmacological role of Ginsenoside Rg3 in liver diseases: A review on molecular mechanisms.Journal of ginseng research · 2024Review
- Integrating Chinese medicine into mainstream cancer therapies: a promising future.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- On the Use of Graphene Nanosheets for Drug Delivery: A Case Study of Cisplatin and Some of Its Analogs.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, Fullerenes, and Dots.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is extensively used in chemotherapy, but it has serious side effects and is inefficient against some cancers, e.g., hepatocarcinoma. To ameliorate the delivery of DOX and reduce its side effects, we designed a pH-responsive delivery system based on graphene oxide (GO) that is capable of a targeted drug release in the acidic tumor microenvironment. GO itself disrupted glutathione biosynthesis and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in human cells. It induced IL17-directed JAK-STAT signaling and VEGF gene expression, leading to increased cell proliferation as an unwanted effect. To counter this, GO was conjugated with the antioxidant, ginsenoside Rg3, prior to loading with DOX. The conjugation of Rg3 to GO significantly reduced the toxicity of the GO carrier by abolishing ROS production. Furthermore, treatment of cells with GO-Rg3 did not induce IL17-directed JAK-STAT signaling and VEGF gene expression-nor cell proliferation-suggesting GO-Rg3 as a promising drug carrier. The anticancer activity of GO-Rg3-DOX conjugates was investigated against Huh7 hepatocarcinoma and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. GO-Rg3-DOX conjugates significantly reduced cancer cell viability, primarily via downregulation of transcription regulatory genes and upregulation of apoptosis genes. GO-Rg3 is an effective, biocompatible, and pH responsive DOX carrier with potential to improve chemotherapy-at least against liver and breast cancers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.