ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2023
First Impressions Matter: Immune Imprinting and Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of ascending doses of influenza A(H7N9) inactivated vaccine with or without MF59®.Vaccine · 2025Trial
- Cross-neutralization and antigenic characterization of simian and equine group A rotaviruses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Characteristics of humoral and T-cell immune responses in people living with HIV after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection during December 2022 to January 2023.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Heterologous mucosal vaccine boosting enhances mucosal and systemic immunity by distinct mechanisms.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Age-dependent immune landscapes affect influenza vaccine effectiveness and guide precision strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Influenza vaccination post-COVID-19 expands vaccine-specific effector CD4 T-cells and Tregs under positive influence of host trained innate immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Superior Effectiveness and Estimated Public Health Impact of Cell- Versus Egg-Based Influenza Vaccines in Children and Adults During the US 2023-2024 Season.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Opportunities for machine learning to predict cross-neutralization in FMDV serotype O.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Mapping of human monoclonal antibody responses to XBB.1.5 COVID-19 monovalent vaccines: a B cell analysis.The Lancet. Microbe · 2025Observational
- Article
- Monitoring of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 over 2 years and characterization of immune responses following Omicron infection in a South Indian community cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A 22 month prospective assessment of neutralizing and IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 boosting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Enhances the Immunogenicity of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in the Elderly.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Characterisation of the antibody-mediated selective pressure driving intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in prolonged infection.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Review
- Humoral Immune Responses after an Omicron-Adapted Booster BNT162b2 Vaccination in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies.Viruses · 2023Article
- Article
- Are the Post-COVID-19 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms Justified by the Effects of COVID-19 on Brain Structure? A Systematic Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many rigorous studies have shown that early childhood infections leave a lasting imprint on the immune system. The understanding of this phenomenon has expanded significantly since 1960, when Dr. Thomas Francis Jr first coined the term "original antigenic sin", to account for all previous pathogen exposures, rather than only the first. Now more commonly referred to as "immune imprinting", this effect most often focuses on how memory B-cell responses are shaped by prior antigen exposure, and the resultant antibodies produced after subsequent exposure to antigenically similar pathogens. Although imprinting was originally observed within the context of influenza viral infection, it has since been applied to the pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. To fully comprehend how imprinting affects the evolution of antibody responses, it is necessary to compare responses elicited by pathogenic strains that are both antigenically similar and dissimilar to strains encountered previously. To accomplish this, we must be able to measure the antigenic distance between strains, which can be easily accomplished using data from multidimensional immunological assays. The knowledge of imprinting, combined with antigenic distance measures, may allow for improvements in vaccine design and development for both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.