ArticleMicroorganisms2023
Phylodynamic Analysis Suggests That Deer Species May Be a True Reservoir for Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes 3 and 4.
Article in Microorganisms, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serological and Molecular Detection of Zoonotic Pathogens in European Bison (Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hepatitis E Virus Exposure Across Multiple Host Species in a Shared Ecosystem in Argentina.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Hepatitis E in Wildlife: Emerging Threats to Human Health.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Zoonotic and Food-Related Hazards Due to Hepatitis A and E in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Environmental health insights · 2024Review
- Co-circulation of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Genotype 3 and Moose-HEV-Like Strains in Free-Ranging-Spotted Deer (Axis axis) in Uruguay.Food and environmental virology · 2023Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar and Red Deer in Portugal.Microorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 (HEV-3 and HEV-4) cause zoonotic infection in humans, with domestic pigs and wild boars being the main reservoirs of infection. Other than suids, HEV-3 and HEV-4 are found in ruminants, most frequently in deer species. However, it is still debatable, whether HEV infection in deer is a spillover, or indicates a stable virus circulation in these host species. To explore the patterns of HEV-3 and HEV-4 transmission in deer and other host species, we performed a Bayesian analysis of HEV sequences available in GenBank. A total of 27 HEV sequences from different deer species were found in GenBank. Sequences from wild boars collected in the same territories, as well as sequences from all mammals that were most similar to sequences from deer in blast search, were added to the dataset, comprising 617 in total sequences. Due to the presence of partial genomic sequences, they were divided into four subsets (two ORF1 fragments and two ORF2 fragments) and analyzed separately. European HEV-3 sequences and Asian HEV-4 sequences collected from deer species demonstrated two transmission patterns. The first pattern was spillover infection, and the second pattern was deer-to-deer transmission, indicating stable HEV circulation in these species. However, all geographic HEV clusters that contained both deer and swine sequences originated from ancestral swine strains. HEV-3 and HEV-4 transmission patterns in ungulates reconstructed by means of Bayesian analysis indicate that deer species are a true host for HEV. However, wild and domestic swine are often the primary source of infection for ruminants living in the same areas. Complete HEV genomic sequences from different parts of the world are crucial for further understanding the HEV-3 and HEV-4 circulation patterns in wildlife.
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