ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2023
Simpson's Paradox in Clinical Research: A Cautionary Tale.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Changes in sex distribution in Achilles tendon rupture literature over 74 years: A systematic review.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2026Pooled it
- Association between COVID-19 and New-Onset Autoimmune Diseases: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 97 Million Individuals.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Prehospital severity and in-hospital mortality in trauma patients managed by the Friuli-Venezia Giulia helicopter emergency medical service: a 6-year retrospective cohort study.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2026Observational
- Aggregation-Sensitive Mortality Associations and Firth Penalized Logistic Regression After Hip Fracture Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Mitigating Clinical Confounding in AI Models: A Comparative Analysis of Associative and Causal-Fused AI for ICU Readmissions.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Asymptomatic Tuberculosis in Children With Household Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Tongue function and high-risk sleep-disordered breathing in youth: age-stratified associations and interactions in a Vietnamese cross-sectional study.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Article
- Explainable Machine Learning for Assessing Digital Health Literacy in Older Adults: Validation and Development of a Two-Stage Model Integrating Performance-Based and Self-Assessed Indicators.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Confounding factors and biases abound when predicting molecular biomarkers from histological images.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Do Obesity Classifications Create the Obesity Paradox? A Scoping Review of Obesity Definitions Applied in Sepsis Research.Clinical obesity · 2026Article
- Incremental value of placental miR-7641 and ferroptosis-related phenotypes in risk stratification of severe preeclampsia.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Beyond Global IQ: Identifying Subgroups of Intellectual Functioning in Dyslexia Through Latent Profile Analysis.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Article
- Within-person associations of daily activity to sleep actigraphy following trauma: Explicating a novel index of risk for major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2025Article
- Ambient air pollution and depressed mood in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) wave 4.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Research Advance of Causal Inference in Clinical Medicine: A Bibliometrics Analysis via Citespace.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Review
- Evaluating the quality and reliability of Kawasaki disease-related content on TikTok and Bilibili: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Use and In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Bronchiolitis.Critical care explorations · 2024Article
- Deep and unbiased proteomics, pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction of biomarker signatures in migraine.Therapeutic advances in chronic disease · 2024Article
- Procedure Prioritization During a Nationwide Ban on Non-Urgent Healthcare: A Quasi-Experimental Retrospective Study of Hospital Data in Switzerland.Health services insights · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The word paradox comes from the Greek
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.