ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2023
Morphological Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle Growth in Ambulant Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Integration of Macroscopic and Microscopic Muscle Properties With Cell Modelling to Feature Altered Neuromuscular Behavior in Cerebral Palsy: 3D-Macroscopic Muscle Architecture in Cerebral Palsy
Neuro-biomechanical Aspects Determining the Motor Behavior in Infants With High-risk of Neuromotor Impairments
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gastrocnemius muscle properties in children with cerebral palsy: An exploratory cross-sectional study of variability in gastrocnemius properties.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Observational
- Muscle and bone growth in the lower legs of typically developing children and ambulant children with cerebral palsy: a mixed longitudinal study.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Quantification of muscle morphology and stiffness in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy versus typically developing controls using magnetic resonance elastography.Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) · 2026Article
- Microscopic and molecular aspects of skeletal muscle alterations in cerebral palsy.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026Review
- Botulinum Neurotoxin A-Induced Muscle Morphology Changes in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A One-Year Follow-Up Study.Toxins · 2025Article
- Childhood muscle growth: Reference curves for lower leg muscle volumes and their clinical application in cerebral palsy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The use of protein supplements in children with cerebral palsy: A scoping literature review.PloS one · 2025Article
- Prevalence of valgus and varus foot deformities in 2784 children with cerebral palsy, a register-based cross-sectional study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2024Article
- Human lower leg muscles grow asynchronously.Journal of anatomy · 2024Article
- Editorial Highlights from the Comorbidities and Complications of Cerebral Palsy Special Issue.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Only cross-sectional studies have demonstrated muscle deficits in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). The impact of gross motor functional limitations on altered muscle growth remains unclear. This prospective longitudinal study modelled morphological muscle growth in 87 children with SCP (age range 6 months to 11 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level I/II/III = 47/22/18). Ultrasound assessments were performed during 2-year follow-up and repeated for a minimal interval of 6 months. Three-dimensional freehand ultrasound was applied to assess medial gastrocnemius muscle volume (MV), mid-belly cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle belly length (ML). Non-linear mixed models compared trajectories of (normalized) muscle growth between GMFCS-I and GMFCS-II&III. MV and CSA growth trajectories showed a piecewise model with two breakpoints, with the highest growth before 2 years and negative growth rates after 6-9 years. Before 2 years, children with GMFCS-II&III already showed lower growth rates compared to GMFCS-I. From 2 to 9 years, the growth rates did not differ between GMFCS levels. After 9 years, a more pronounced reduction in normalized CSA was observed in GMFCS-II&III. Different trajectories in ML growth were shown between the GMFCS level subgroups. These longitudinal trajectories highlight monitoring of SCP muscle pathology from early ages and related to motor mobility. Treatment planning and goals should stimulate muscle growth.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.