ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2023
Anatomic Peculiarities Associated with Axial Elongation of the Myopic Eye.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in Posterior Ocular Morphology Following Red Light Therapy Versus 0.01% Atropine for Myopia Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial Analysis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Trial
- Selective i-wave attenuation in unilateral high myopia.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Sector-Specific Patterns of RNFL and Ganglion Cell Complex Thinning Across the Myopia Spectrum: A Cross-Sectional OCTA Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Geometry-Based Intravitreal Pharmacokinetics: A Theoretical Pharmacokinetic Modeling Study Using Triamcinolone Acetonide and Vancomycin as Representative Intravitreal Agents.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Choroidal structural and perfusion characteristics across refractive groups in children.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Macular vessel density as a novel biomarker for glaucoma diagnosis in highly myopic eyes: a multicenter study.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Current and emerging strategies for myopia control: a narrative review of optical, pharmacological, behavioural, and adjunctive therapies.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- Article
- Optic disc morphology in congenital glaucoma.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Axial elongation and the spatial distribution of white and dark without pressure in myopic eyes: insights from ultra-widefield imaging.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Reduction of photoreceptor cell packing density in low or moderative myopia detected with adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Relative peripheral refractive errors in Chinese children with myopic anisometropia.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Understanding Posterior Staphyloma in Pathologic Myopia: Current Overview, New Input, and Perspectives.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Ocular image-based deep learning for predicting refractive error: A systematic review.Advances in ophthalmology practice and researchReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo describe anatomical peculiarities associated with axial elongation in the human myopic eye.
methodsReviewing the results of previous histomorphometrical investigations of enucleated human globes, as well as reviewing findings obtained in population-based studies and hospital-based clinical investigations of myopic patients and non-myopic individuals.
resultsMyopic axial elongation is associated with a change from a mostly spherical eye shape to a prolate ellipsoid form. It is combined with choroidal and scleral thinning, most pronounced at the posterior pole and less pronounced in the fundus midperiphery. In the fundus midperiphery, the retina and density of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors decrease with a longer axial length, while in the macular region, retinal thickness, RPE cell density, and choriocapillaris thickness are not related to axial length. With axial elongation, a parapapillary gamma zone develops, leading to an enlargement of the optic disc-fovea distance and a decrease in angle kappa. Axial elongation is also correlated with an increase in the surface and volume of Bruch's membrane (BM), while BM thickness remains unchanged. Axial elongation causes moderately myopic eyes to show a shift of BM opening to the foveal direction so that the horizontal disc diameter becomes shorter (with a consequent vertical ovalization of the optic disc shape), a temporal gamma zone develops, and the optic nerve exit takes an oblique course. Features of high myopia are an enlargement of the RPE opening (myopic parapapillary beta zone) and BM opening (secondary macrodisc), elongation and thinning of the lamina cribrosa, peripapillary scleral flange (parapapillary delta zone) and peripapillary choroidal border tissue, secondary BM defects in the macular region, myopic maculoschisis, macular neovascularization, and cobblestones in the fundus periphery.
conclusionsThese features combined may be explained by a growth in BM in the fundus midperiphery leading to axial elongation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.