ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2023
Hygiene Practices and Early Childhood Development in the East Asia-Pacific Region: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of an integrated parenting and nutrition intervention on growth and development in stunted children at 24 months: evidence from the Stepping Stones programme in rural India.BMJ global health · 2026Trial
- Household Water and Handwashing Facilities and Early Childhood Education Participation in Nepal: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Poor hygiene might be a risk factor for early childhood development (ECD). This study investigated the associations of three hygiene practices ('wash hands before a meal,' 'wash hands after going to the toilet,' and 'brush teeth'), separately and combined, with ECD. Six thousand six hundred ninety-seven children (4 [0.8] years) from the East Asia-Pacific Early Child Development Scales validation study were included in this cross-sectional analysis. The hygiene variables were recoded to have comparable values as 'always,' 'sometimes,' and 'never.' These variables were then grouped to create combined categories. The binary outcome variables, poor ECD, were defined as a score < age-specific 25th centile. Modified Poisson regression models were used to analyse the associations. Data collection was performed between 2012 and 2014, and the analyses were conducted in April 2022. Compared with children who 'always' washed their hands before a meal, those who did it 'sometimes' (Prevalence Ratio [PR]: 1.30 [95% CI: 1.16-1.46]) or 'never' (PR: 1.35 [1.18-1.55]) had a higher likelihood of poorer overall development. Comparable results were identified for the other two hygiene practices and the other four domain-specific outcomes (
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