Thermodynamics of an Empty Box.

Georg J Schmitz, Michael Te Vrugt, Tore Haug-Warberg, Lodin Ellingsen, Paul Needham, Raphael Wittkowski

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Georg J SchmitzMICRESS Group, ACCESS e.V., Intzestr. 5, D-52072 Aachen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4065-9742

Michael Te VrugtInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1139-3925

Tore Haug-WarbergDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.

Lodin EllingsenDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.

Paul NeedhamDepartment of Philosophy, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-6559-7528

Raphael WittkowskiInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4881-9173

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 39062112 - EXC 2023 and 433682494 - SFB 1459Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes MtV

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A gas in a box is perhaps the most important model system studied in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Usually, studies focus on the gas, whereas the box merely serves as an idealized confinement. The present article focuses on the box as the central object and develops a thermodynamic theory by treating the geometric degrees of freedom of the box as the degrees of freedom of a thermodynamic system. Applying standard mathematical methods to the thermodynamics of an empty box allows equations with the same structure as those of cosmology and classical and quantum mechanics to be derived. The simple model system of an empty box is shown to have interesting connections to classical mechanics, special relativity, and quantum field theory.

Indexed as

anisotropic Hubble parameterblack-hole entropyclassical mechanicsEuler homogeneityLorentz factorquantized spacequantum mechanicsToEUnruh temperature

Identifiers

PMID36832681

DOI10.3390/e25020315

PMCPMC9955345

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.