ReviewBiomedicines2023
Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination-Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines.
Review in Biomedicines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of a booster dose of aerosolized or intramuscular adenovirus type 5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine in adults: a multicenter, partially randomized, platform trial in China.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Immune correlates of risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: a prospective, community-based cohort study.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Quantification of the IgG antibody response half-life for hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Observational
- Infectious diseases, infection control, vaccines and long-term care: an European interdisciplinary Council on ageing consensus document.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Review
- Article
- Long COVID in Healthcare Workers from a Pediatric Hospital in Romania: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence, Symptom Burden, and the Role of Vaccination and Reinfection.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity in a Norwegian cohort between 2020 and 2023.BMC medicine · 2025Observational
- Did COVID-19 surveillance system sensitivity change after Omicron? a retrospective observational study in England.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- SARS-CoV-2: The Interplay Between Evolution and Host Immunity.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
- COVID-19 in Children With Severe Lung Disease-A Tertiary Center Cohort Study in Denmark.Pediatric pulmonology · 2025Article
- The Role of Memory T-Cell Mediated Immunity in Long-term COVID-19: Effects of Vaccination Status.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Vaccination versus natural infection: A review of antibody differentiation techniques.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2025Review
- COVID-19 vaccination perspectives among patients with Long COVID: A qualitative study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Engineering a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Targeting the Receptor-Binding Domain Cryptic-Face via Immunofocusing.ACS central science · 2024Article
- Evaluating Immunologic and Illness Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children Aged ≥ 5 Years, in a Multisite Longitudinal Cohort.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Review
- Engineering a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targeting the RBD cryptic-face via immunofocusing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity has led to the development of multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines and their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3 years, a substantial proportion of the human population possesses immunity from infection and/or vaccination. With waning immune protection over time against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is essential to understand the duration of protection, breadth of coverage, and effects on reinfection. This targeted review summarizes available research literature on SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived, vaccination-elicited, and hybrid immunity. Infection-derived immunity has shown 93-100% protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes for up to 8 months, but reinfection is observed with some virus variants. Vaccination elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies and a breadth of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Hybrid immunity enables strong, broad responses, with high-quality memory B cells generated at 5- to 10-fold higher levels, versus infection or vaccination alone and protection against symptomatic disease lasting for 6-8 months. SARS-CoV-2 evolution into more transmissible and immunologically divergent variants has necessitated the updating of COVID-19 vaccines. To ensure continued protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants, regulators and vaccine technical committees recommend variant-specific or bivalent vaccines.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.