ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2023
The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System.
Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Data mining reveals the diversity of prophage endolysins targeting pathogenic enterococci.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Structural insights into the assembly and function of Retron Ec78 PtuAB.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Bacterial defense mechanisms against bacteriophages: an evolutionary arms race.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Peptides rapidly transport antibiotic across the intact tympanic membrane to treat a middle ear infection.Drug delivery · 2025Article
- Phage Encapsulation and Delivery Technology: A Strategy for Treating Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Microorganisms.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Bacterial restriction-modification systems: mechanisms of defense against phage infection.Biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Host-encoded DNA methyltransferases modify the epigenome and host tropism of invading phages.iScience · 2025Article
- Characterisation of novelJournal of oral microbiology · 2025Article
- Genomic Characterization of Probiotic Purple Nonsulfur BacteriaLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Overview of Phage Defense Systems in Bacteria and Their Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Analyses of Xenorhabdus griffiniae genomes reveal two distinct sub-species that display intra-species variation due to prophages.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Therapeutic Phage Candidates for Targeting Prevalent Sequence Types of Carbapenem-ResistantFoodborne pathogens and disease · 2024Article
- Biofilm Prevention and Removal in Non-TargetBiomedicines · 2024Article
- Review
- Nanomechanical resilience and thermal stability of RSJ2 phage.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Bacteriophage-mediated approaches for biofilm control.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteria and their predators, bacteriophages, or phages are continuously engaged in an arms race for their survival using various defense strategies. Several studies indicated that the bacterial immune arsenal towards phage is quite diverse and uses different components of the host machinery. Most studied antiphage systems are associated with phages, whose genomic matter is double-stranded-DNA. These defense mechanisms are mainly related to either the host or phage-derived proteins and other associated structures and biomolecules. Some of these strategies include DNA restriction-modification (R-M), spontaneous mutations, blocking of phage receptors, production of competitive inhibitors and extracellular matrix which prevent the entry of phage DNA into the host cytoplasm, assembly interference, abortive infection, toxin-antitoxin systems, bacterial retrons, and secondary metabolite-based replication interference. On the contrary, phages develop anti-phage resistance defense mechanisms in consortium with each of these bacterial phage resistance strategies with small fitness cost. These mechanisms allow phages to undergo their replication safely inside their bacterial host's cytoplasm and be able to produce viable, competent, and immunologically endured progeny virions for the next generation. In this review, we highlight the major bacterial defense systems developed against their predators and some of the phage counterstrategies and suggest potential research directions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.