ArticleGene therapy2023
Terminal hairpins improve protein expression in IRES-initiated mRNA in the absence of a cap and polyadenylated tail.
Article in Gene therapy, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Art of Domesticating Proteins: How Cancer Cells Adapt to Therapeutic and Environmental Stressors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- An engineered linear cap-independent mRNA vaccine with intrinsic adjuvanticity induces potent anti-tumor immunity in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immunology of RNA-based vaccines: The critical interplay between inflammation and expression.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Loop structure in poly(A) tail of mRNA vaccine enhances antigen translation efficiency and mRNA stability.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Enhancing cap-independent translation of linear mRNA.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Insertion of a G-quadruplex or hairpin structure into the 5' UTR or poly(A) sequences reduces translation efficiency of the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site: a preclinical in vitro study.Ewha medical journal · 2025Article
- A capless hairpin-protected mRNA vaccine encoding the full-length Influenza A hemagglutinin protects mice against a lethal Influenza A infection.Gene therapy · 2025Article
- Tuning Ultrasensitivity in Genetic Logic Gates Using Antisense RNA Feedback.ACS synthetic biology · 2025Article
- mRNA vaccine development and applications: A special focus on tumors (Review).International journal of oncology · 2024Review
- Tailor made: the art of therapeutic mRNA design.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Global RNA modifications to the MALAT1 triple helix differentially affect thermostability and weaken binding to METTL16.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2024Article
- Systematic comparison of nonviral gene delivery strategies for efficient co-expression of two transgenes in human mesenchymal stem cells.Journal of biological engineering · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Synthesizing mRNA in vitro is a standard and simple procedure. Adding the 5' cap and 3' polyadenylated (poly(A)) tail to make this mRNA functional for use as a vaccine or therapy increases the time and cost of production and usually decreases the yield, however. We designed mRNA that lacked a cap and poly(A) tail but included an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) to initiate protein translation. To protect the 5' and 3' ends of mRNA from exonucleases, we added stable terminal hairpins. When compared against typical mRNA (i.e., mRNA that contained a cap and poly(A) tail but lacked hairpins), expression of the delivered reporter protein in HEK293 cells was similar. Using a triple instead of a single hairpin at each end increased protein expression even more. This method has the potential to simplify the production and reduce the cost of synthesizing exogenous mRNA for use as biologics or vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.