ArticleScientific reports2023
Development and validation of a cynomolgus macaque grimace scale for acute pain assessment.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Association of Primate Veterinarians and the European Primate Veterinarians Position Statement on the Value of Nonhuman Primates in Research.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
- Assessing laboratory animal welfare: the crucial importance of construct validity.Laboratory animals · 2026Article
- Mechanism and modulation of spontaneous pain: from neural circuits to drug development.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Social Housing of Previously Single-Caged Adult Male Cynomolgus Macaques (Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Development of the calf grimace scale for pain and stress assessment in castrated Angus beef calves.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Development of a novel primate welfare assessment tool for research macaques.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2024Article
- Review of Environmental and Health Factors Impacting Captive Common Marmoset Welfare in the Biomedical Research Setting.Veterinary sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques may undergo surgical procedures for scientific and veterinary purposes. Recognition and assessment of pain using validated tools is a necessary first step for adequately managing pain in these primates. Grimace scales are one means of assessing the occurance of acute pain using action units such as facial expressions and posture. The aim of this study was to create and validate a Cynomolgus Macaque Grimace Scale (CMGS). Cynomolgus macaques (n = 43) were video recorded before and after a surgical procedure. Images were extracted from videos at timepoints at which breakthrough pain might be expected based on analgesic pharmacokinetics. Using the CMGS images were scored by 12 observers blinded to animal identification, times, and conditions. To validate the tool, detailed behavioral analyses emphasizing changes to baseline activity ethograms were compared to grimace scores. Four action units were identified related to potential pain including orbital tightening, brow lowering, cheek tightening, and hunched posture. The CMGS tool was found to have moderate inter- (ICC
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