ArticleAdvanced therapeutics2023
Emulsion-induced polymersomes taming tetrodotoxin for prolonged duration local anesthesia.
Article in Advanced therapeutics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glucose-Facilitated Nanomicelles Cross Peripheral Nerve Barriers to Achieve Drug Delivery to Nerves.Advanced functional materials · 2025Article
- Tetrodotoxin Delivery Pen Safely Uses Potent Natural Neurotoxin to Manage Severe Cutaneous Pain.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Molecular Dynamics Insights into Peptide-Based Tetrodotoxin Delivery Nanostructures.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Capsaicin-Loaded Melanin Nanoparticles for Long-Lasting Nociceptive-Selective Nerve Blockade.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2024Article
- Tetrodotoxin: The State-of-the-Art Progress in Characterization, Detection, Biosynthesis, and Transport Enrichment.Marine drugs · 2024Review
- Galacturonic acid-capsaicin prodrug for prolonged nociceptive-selective nerve blockade.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2024Article
- Hydration-induced Void-containing Hydrogels for Encapsulation and Sustained Release of Small Hydrophilic Molecules.Advanced functional materials · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Injectable local anesthetics that can provide a continuous nerve block approximating the duration of a pain state would be a life-changing solution for patients experiencing post-operative pain or chronic pain. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a site 1 sodium channel blocker that is extremely potent compared to clinically used local anesthetics. Challengingly, TTX doses are limited by its associated systemic toxicity, thus shortening the achievable duration of nerve blocks. Here, we explore emulsion-induced polymersomes (EIP) as a drug delivery system to safely use TTX for local anesthesia. By emulsifying hyperbranched polyglycerol-poly (propylene glycol)-hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG-PPG-HPG) in TTX aqueous solution, HPG-PPG-HPG self-assembled into micrometer-sized polymersomes within seconds. The formed polymersomes have microscopically visible internal aqueous pockets that encapsulate TTX with an encapsulation efficiency of up to 94%. Moreover, the polymersomes are structurally stable, enabling sustained TTX release.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.