Summary of radiation dose management and optimization: comparison of radiation protection measures between Poland and other countries.

The purpose of this study is to show the actual recommendations for dose management and provide an overview of the available options for dose tracking and dose optimization. The legal institutions that supervise the radiological exposure of patients and their most important directives are presented. A literature review of existing diagnostic reference levels for computed tomography (CT), interventional radiology, radiography, paediatric radiography, mammography, and fluoroscopy in Europe and Poland was carried out. It has been shown that, in Poland, it is necessary to verify and determine the new diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for each imaging modality because the existing ones are adapted from other countries and are not determined on the basis of data from Polish hospitals. They have not been updated for 11-17 years, although it is recommended to update them every 3-5 years. Many countries in Europe have already determined DRLs based on the analysis of their own dosage data (e.g. Austria and Germany). Analysing the existing DRLs for CT in Poland, it was noticed that they concern only a single anatomical region. It is necessary to determine the DRLs for multi-region CT (i.e. chest-abdomen-pelvis and neck-chest-abdomen-pelvis) examinations because these examinations account for about 60% of all oncological CT examinations-based on data collected from The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw.