ArticleCities & health2023
Women's empowerment and infant mortality in Latin America: evidence from 286 cities.
Article in Cities & health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association of socio-economic environment and women's empowerment with daily fruit and vegetable intake in Latin American cities: a multilevel study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Are extensions in paid parental leave associated with lower infant and neonatal mortality in Latin American cities? Evidence from 148 cities in Chile, Mexico, and Colombia (2000-2015).Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Effect of female literacy rate and education on infant mortality in Peru, 2001-2022.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Urban Environments, Health, and Environmental Sustainability: Findings From the SALURBAL Study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Review
- Enhancing brain health in the Global South through sex and gender lens.Nature. Mental health · 2024Article
- Double burden of malnutrition in 115 Latin American cities: An ecological analysis.Reproductive, female and child health · 2024Article
- Understanding the social determinants of child mortality in Latin America over the last two decades: a machine learning approach.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Gender inequality, women's empowerment, and adolescent birth rates in 363 Latin American cities.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Are Women's Empowerment and Income Inequality Associated with Excess Weight in Latin American Cities?Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Levels of women's empowerment (WE) can contribute to differences in infant mortality rates (IMRs) across cities. We used a cross-sectional multilevel study to examine associations of WE with IMRs across 286 cities in seven Latin American countries. We estimated IMRs for 2014-2016 period and combined city socioeconomic indicators into factors reflecting living conditions and service provision. WE was operationalized: (1) in cities, by using scores for women's labor force participation (WLFP) and educational attainment among women derived from education and employment indicators disaggregated by sex; (2) in countries, by including a scale of enforcements of laws related to women's rights. We estimated adjusted percent differences in IMRs associated with higher WE scores across all cities and stratified by country GDP. We found substantial heterogeneity in IMRs and WE across cities. Higher WLFP was associated with lower IMRs. Higher women's educational attainment was associated with lower IMRs only in cities from countries with lower GDP. Poorer national enforcement of laws protecting women's rights was associated with higher IMRs in all countries. Women's empowerment could have positive implications for population health. Fostering women's socioeconomic development and girls' education should be part of strategies to reduce IMRs in cities of Global South.
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