ArticleGlobal heart2023
High Dietary Sodium, Measured Using Spot Urine Samples, is Associated with Higher Blood Pressure among Young Adults in Haiti.
Article in Global heart, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03892265 (A Longitudinal Cohort Study to Evaluate Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease in Haiti), which is not on this map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Longitudinal Cohort Study to Evaluate Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease in Haiti
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood Pressure Trajectories Among Adults Living in Extreme Poverty: A Population-Based Cohort in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Article
- Comparison of Measured 24-Hour Urinary Salt Excretion With Spot Urine and 24-Hour Dietary Recall Estimates Among Adolescents and Parents: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- The prevalence of non-communicable diseases and related risk factors in young adults in the Caribbean islands: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Sodium, potassium, and blood pressure regulation in Latin American populations: a critical narrative review of multifactorial determinants.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Salt Intake Among the Iranian Population and Public Attitudes Toward Salt Consumption: National and Subnational Report From STEPS 2021.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
23 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Hypertension (HTN) is the leading cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor in Haiti and is likely driven by poverty-related social and dietary factors. Salt consumption in Haiti is hypothesized to be high but has never been rigorously quantified. Methods: We used spot urine samples from a subset of participants in the population-based Haiti Cardiovascular Disease Cohort to estimate population mean daily sodium intake. We compared three previously validated formulas for estimating dietary sodium intake using urine sodium, urine creatinine, age, sex, height, and weight. We explored the association between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure, stratified by age group. Results: A total of 1,240 participants had spot urine samples. Median age was 38 years (range 18-93), and 48% were female. The mean dietary sodium intake was 3.5-5.0 g/day across the three estimation methods, with 94.2%-97.9% of participants consuming above the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended maximum of 2 g/day of sodium. Among young adults aged 18-29, increasing salt intake from the lowest quartile of consumption (<3.73 g/day) to the highest quartile (>5.88 g/day) was associated with a mean 8.71 mmHg higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (95% confidence interval: 3.35, 14.07; p = 0.001). An association was not seen in older age groups. Among participants under age 40, those with SBP ≥120 mmHg consumed 0.5 g/day more sodium than those with SBP <120 mmHg (95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.69; p = 0.012). Conclusions: Nine out of 10 Haitian adults in our study population consumed more than the WHO recommended maximum for daily sodium intake. In young adults, higher sodium consumption was associated with higher SBP. This represents an inflection point for increased HTN risk early in the life course and points to dietary salt intake as a potential modifiable risk factor for primordial and primary CVD prevention in young adults.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.