ArticleJournal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open2023
Emergency medical services clinicians in the United States are increasingly exposed to death.
Article in Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emergency Medical Services Time on Scene and Non-Transport: Role of Communication Barriers.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Observational
- Emergency medical services clinicians in the United States are increasingly exposed to death.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Exposure to patient death places healthcare workers at increased risk for burnout and traumatic stress, yet limited data exist exploring exposure to death among emergency medical services (EMS) clinicians. Our objective was to describe changes in EMS encounters involving on-scene death from 2018 to 2021. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed deidentified EMS records for 9-1-1 responses from the ESO Data Collaborative from 2018 to 2021. We identified cases where patient dispositions of death on scene, with or without attempted resuscitation, and without EMS transport. A non-parametric test of trend was used to assess for monotonic increase in agency-level encounters involving on-scene death and the proportion of EMS clinicians exposed to ≥1 on-scene death. Results: We analyzed records from 1109 EMS agencies. These agencies responded to 4,286,976 calls in 2018, 5,097,920 calls in 2019, 4,939,651 calls in 2020, and 5,347,340 calls in 2021.The total number of encounters with death on scene rose from 49,802 in 2018 to 60,542 in 2019 to 76,535 in 2020 and 80,388 in 2021. Agency-level annual counts of encounters involving death on scene rose from a median of 14 (interquartile range [IQR], 4-40) in 2018 to 2023 (IQR, 6-63) in 2021 ( Conclusion: From 2018 to 2021, EMS clinicians were increasingly exposed to death. This trend may be driven by COVID-19 and its effects on the healthcare system and reinforces the need for evidence-based death notification training to support EMS clinicians.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.