ReviewFrontiers in oncology2023
Advances in immune checkpoint inhibitor combination strategies for microsatellite stable colorectal cancer.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heating the Cold: Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance in Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy and safety of nivolumab-based combination therapies (with ipilimumab or binimetinib) in patients with microsatellite-stable and microsatellite-instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Pooled it
- Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of first- and second-line immunotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase modulates immune response to checkpoint inhibition in mismatch repair deficient/microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy Implications.Cancers · 2026Review
- Fusobacterium nucleatum, succinate signaling, and immunotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer: clinical relevance and translational opportunities.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- CLCA1 as an immune prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Targeting HIF-1α promotes ferroptosis and boosts antitumor immunity in MSS colorectal cancer.Redox biology · 2026Article
- The Molecular Signature of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Distinct Biology and Clinical Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- TMEM184A promotes progression and drug resistance in colorectal cancer: a bioinformatics and clinical study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Potential treatment benefits of a GLP-1R antagonist in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Review
- Advances in immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: overcoming resistance in mismatch repair-proficient tumors.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Effect of Liver Metastases on Survival in Microsatellite-Stable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Cancer research communications · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Landscape of Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: From Genomics to Multi-Omics Integration in Precision Medicine.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- An Exploratory in vitro Study of Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Profiling of Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) Cells Against HCT-15 Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Cells.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Article
- Clinical activity of chidamide-containing regimens after prior PD-1-based therapy in two patients with microsatellite-stable metastatic colorectal cancer: a case series and narrative review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- The CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in colorectal cancer: immune regulation, metastatic progression, and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- From cold to hot tumors: feasibility of applying therapeutic insights to TNBC.Discover oncology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have reshaped the prognostic of several tumor types, including metastatic colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI). However, 90-95% of metastatic colorectal tumors are microsatellite stable (MSS) in which immunotherapy has failed to demonstrate meaningful clinical results. MSS colorectal tumors are considered immune-cold tumors. Several factors have been proposed to account for this lack of response to immune checkpoint blockade including low levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, low tumor mutational burden, a high rate of WNT/β-catenin pathway mutations, and liver metastases which have been associated with immunosuppression. However, studies with novel combinations based on immune checkpoint inhibitors are showing promising activity in MSS colorectal cancer. Here, we review the underlying biological facts that preclude immunotherapy activity, and detail the different immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations evaluated, along with novel immune-based therapies, to overcome innate mechanisms of resistance in MSS colorectal cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.