ArticleCureus2023
Risk Factors for Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit in Adolescent Athletes: A Comparison of Overhead Sports and Non-overhead Sports.
Article in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Muscle Recruitment and Asymmetry in Bilateral Shoulder Injury Prevention Exercises: A Cross-Sectional Comparison Between Tennis Players and Non-Tennis Players.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Assessing Active and Passive Glenohumeral Rotational Deficits in Professional Tennis Players: Use of Normative Values at 90° and 45° of Abduction to Make Decisions in Injury-Prevention Programs.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit: insights into pathologic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic characteristics.Clinics in shoulder and elbow · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background A glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) occurs in baseball players due to the repetitive pitching motion. However, few reports have addressed associations between GIRD and sports other than baseball. In this study, we investigated whether GIRD occurs in adolescent athletes playing overhead sports other than baseball, and also, the risk factors that cause GIRD in these sports were examined. Methods A total of 214 junior high school athletes who had undergone medical checks were evaluated. Seventy-five athletes playing sports requiring overhead motions were classified into the overhead sports group (39 tennis, 18 handball, 12 badminton, and 6 softball players). Eighty athletes participating in sports requiring the use of the upper limbs but not requiring frequent overhead motions were classified into the non-overhead sports group (31 kendo, 20 fencing, 19 basketball, and 10 table tennis players); 59 athletes who mainly did not use an upper limb were classified into the contact sports group (22 judo, 15 wrestling, 13 soccer, and 9 rugby football players). The range of shoulder motion (internal rotation, external rotation, and total arc), background factors, general laxity, and flexibility of the lower body were compared among the three groups. Results Thirty-four (16%) of 214 players were classified as having GIRD (internal rotation deficit >15°). Significantly more athletes had GIRD in the overhead sports group than in the other groups (p=0.007). The internal rotation deficit was significantly worse in the overhead sports group than in the other groups (p=0.006, p=0.02, respectively). Background factors, general laxity, and lower body flexibility did not differ significantly among the groups. Conclusion The sole risk factor for GIRD was participating in any sport that required overhead movements. Thus, not only baseball players, but also other athletes who participate in sports requiring overhead movements should receive correct information to prevent GIRD.
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