ArticleHormones (Athens, Greece)2023
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its relationship to income level and employment status: a nationwide population-based study in Spain.
Article in Hormones (Athens, Greece), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Employment trends in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Spain: a nationwide register-based study (2018-2023).European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Beyond iodine nutrition: socioeconomic patterns independently drive thyroid disease risk in pregnant women in Xinjiang.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Prevalence of treated hyper- and hypo-thyroidism and sociodemographic and geographic disparities in France in 2020.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Higher Resting Metabolism Is Associated With Increased Free Triiodothyronine Among Female Reindeer Herders in Northern Finland.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- A Scoping Review on the Prevalence of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and the Possible Associated Factors.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A higher composite dietary antioxidant index is associated with a decreased risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism in adults: evidence from epidemiological studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between oxidative balance score and prevalence rates of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune thyroiditis among U.S. adults: evidence from epidemiological studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Treatment of Obesity with Thyroid hormones in Europe. Data from the THESIS* Collaboration.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe influence of socioeconomic conditions on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the population has been scarcely studied to date. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the influence of income level and employment status on the prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
methodsA cross-sectional study was performed using the population-based database BDCAP (Base de Datos Clínicos de Atención Primaria, Primary Care Clinical Database) to analyze the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the Spanish population classified by income groups and employment status.
resultsOf the 40,613,229 people registered in the BDCAP in 2020, there were 2,596,041 (6.39%) with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism and 418,722 (1.03%) with hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in people with high income (≥ 100,000 euros/year), medium income (18,000-99,999 euros/year), low income (< 18,000 euros/year), and very low income were, respectively, 4.23%, 5.74%, 6.75%, and 7.01% (P < 0.001). The prevalence of hyperthyroidism in the same income groups also showed an increasing trend as income decreased (0.65%, 0.94%, 1.08%, and 1.10%; P < 0.001). Unemployed people had higher frequencies of hypothyroidism (7.35%) and hyperthyroidism (1.22%) than working people (5.80 and 1.00%, respectively) and inactive people (4.21 and 0.52%, respectively; P < 0.001).
conclusionSocioeconomic conditions are related to the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. Low-income or unemployed people have a higher frequency of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.