Lekking as collective behaviour.

Lekking is a spectacular mating system in which males maintain tightly organized clustering of territories during the mating season, and females visit these leks for mating. Various hypotheses-ranging from predation dilution to mate choice and mating benefit-offer potential explanations for the evolution of this peculiar mating system. However, many of these classic hypotheses rarely consider the spatial dynamics that produce and maintain the lek. In this article, we propose to view lekking through the perspective of collective behaviour, in which simple local interactions between organisms, as well as habitat, likely produce and maintain lekking. Further, we argue that interactions within the leks change over time, typically over a breeding season, to produce many broad-level as well as specific collective patterns. To test these ideas at both proximate and ultimate levels, we argue that the concepts and tools from the literature on collective animal behaviour, such as agent-based models and high-resolution video tracking that enables capturing fine-scale spatio-temporal interactions, could be useful. To demonstrate the promise of these ideas, we develop a spatially explicit agent-based model and show how simple rules such as spatial fidelity, local social interactions and repulsion among males can potentially explain the formation of lek and synchronous departures of males for foraging from the lek. On the empirical side, we discuss the promise of applying the collective behaviour approach to blackbuck (