ArticleAnalytical chemistry2023
Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle Sprayer for an Introduction of Liquid Samples in Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry.
Article in Analytical chemistry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Precisely Timed On-Demand Droplet Ejection and Collision in Free Space for Controlled Reaction Initiation.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Surface tension measurements reveal charge-driven surfactant depletion in microdroplets approaching the Rayleigh limit.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Microfluidic Devices for High-Throughput In Situ Serial Crystallography.Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology · 2026Review
- Peptide Analysis by Soft X-ray Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2025Article
- Positive Effect of Acetylation on Proteomic Analysis Based on Liquid Chromatography with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and Photoionization Mass Spectrometry.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Electrospray may exhibit inadequate ionization efficiency in some applications. In such cases, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and photoionization (APPI) can be used. Despite a wide application potential, no APCI and APPI sources dedicated to very low sample flow rates exist on the market. Since the ion source performance depends on the transfer of analytes from the liquid to the gas phase, a nebulizer is a critical component of an ion source. Here, we report on the nebulizer with a gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) and its applicability in APCI at microliter-per-minute flow rates. Nebulizers differing by geometrical parameters were fabricated and characterized regarding the jet breakup regime, droplet size, droplet velocity, and spray angle for liquid flow rates of 0.75-15.0 μL/min. A micro-APCI source with the GDVN nebulizer behaved as a mass-flow-sensitive detector and provided stable and intense analyte signals. Compared to a classical APCI source, an order of magnitude lower detection limit for verapamil was achieved. Mass spectra recorded with the nebulizer in dripping and jetting modes were almost identical and did not differ from normal APCI spectra. Clogging never occurred during the experiments, indicating the high robustness of the nebulizer. Low-flow-rate APCI and APPI sources with a GDVN sprayer promise new applications for low- and medium-polar analytes.
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Registered trials
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