Observational studyInfectious diseases of poverty2023
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 interventions on influenza-like illness in Beijing and Hong Kong: an observational and modeling study.
Observational study in Infectious diseases of poverty, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interactions of SARS-CoV-2, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus influence epidemic timing and risk.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on childhood allergic sensitization: a three-phase comparative study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Changes in influenza-associated excess mortality in China between 2012-2019 and 2020-2021: a population-based statistical modelling study.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- Time series analysis of the impact of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Changchun, China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Assessment of the impacts of public health and social measures on influenza activity during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2022 in Beijing, China: a modelling study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- From fear to facts: a multi-channel approach to information seeking amid influenza-like illness outbreaks.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Epidemiological intricacies of respiratory pathogens: a single-center study on infection dynamics in Beijing, 2023-2024.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Understanding influenza-like illness dynamics in Jiangsu, China: impacts of COVID-19 control measures and meteorological factors on the population health during 2018-2023.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Quantitative assessment of Public Health and Social Measures implementation and relaxation on influenza transmission during COVID-19 in China: SEIABR and GBDT models.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Changes in the Epidemiological Features of Influenza After the COVID-19 Pandemic in China, the United States, and Australia: Updated Surveillance Data for Influenza Activity.Interactive journal of medical research · 2024Article
- The evolutionary features and roles of single nucleotide variants and charged amino acid mutations in influenza outbreaks during NPI period.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Assessing the impact of interventions on the major Omicron BA.2 outbreak in spring 2022 in Shanghai.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe impact of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on influenza activity in the presence of other known seasonal driving factors is unclear, especially at the municipal scale. This study aimed to assess the impact of NPIs on outpatient influenza-like illness (ILI) consultations in Beijing and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China.
methodsWe descriptively analyzed the temporal characteristics of the weekly ILI counts, nine NPI indicators, mean temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity from 2011 to 2021. Generalized additive models (GAM) using data in 2011-2019 were established to predict the weekly ILI counts under a counterfactual scenario of no COVID-19 interventions in Beijing and the Hong Kong SAR in 2020-2021, respectively. GAM models were further built to evaluate the potential impact of each individual or combined NPIs on weekly ILI counts in the presence of other seasonal driving factors in the above settings in 2020-2021.
resultsThe weekly ILI counts in Beijing and the Hong Kong SAR fluctuated across years and months in 2011-2019, with an obvious winter-spring seasonality in Beijing. During the 2020-2021 season, the observed weekly ILI counts in both Beijing and the Hong Kong SAR were much lower than those of the past 9 flu seasons, with a 47.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 42.3%, 52.2%) and 60.0% (95% CI: 58.6%, 61.1%) reduction, respectively. The observed numbers for these two cities also accounted for only 40.2% (95% CI: 35.4%, 45.3%) and 58.0% (95% CI: 54.1%, 61.5%) of the GAM model estimates in the absence of COVID-19 NPIs, respectively. Our study revealed that, "Cancelling public events" and "Restrictions on internal travel" measures played an important role in the reduction of ILI in Beijing, while the "restrictions on international travel" was statistically most associated with ILI reductions in the Hong Kong SAR.
conclusionsOur study suggests that COVID-19 NPIs had been reducing outpatient ILI consultations in the presence of other seasonal driving factors in Beijing and the Hong Kong SAR from 2020 to 2021. In cities with varying local circumstances, some NPIs with appropriate stringency may be tailored to reduce the burden of ILI caused by severe influenza strains or other respiratory infections in future.
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