ArticleNPJ vaccines2023
Semi-synthetic terpenoids with differential adjuvant properties as sustainable replacements for shark squalene in vaccine emulsions.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic engineering and adaptive laboratory evolution enhance squalene production inSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- ID93 + GLA-3M-052-LS vaccine candidate administered by heterologous routes improves BCG efficacy against TB.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The ID93 + GLA-3M-052-LS vaccine candidate elicits mucosal and systemic immunogenicity and protective efficacy againstbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Nano/Micro-Enabled Modification and Innovation of Conventional Adjuvants for Next-Generation Vaccines.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Solanesol: a promising natural product.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2024Review
- A critical review of the bioactive ingredients and biological functions ofCurrent research in food science · 2024Review
- Kilo-Scale GMP Synthesis of Renewable Semisynthetic Vaccine-Grade Squalene.Organic process research & development · 2023Article
- Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization.Polymers · 2023Article
- Improving the Stability and Effectiveness of Immunotropic Squalene Nanoemulsion by Adding Turpentine Oil.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Practical Considerations for Next-Generation Adjuvant Development and Translation.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Synthetic biology has allowed for the industrial production of supply-limited sesquiterpenoids such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin and β-farnesene. One of the only unmodified animal products used in medicine is squalene, a triterpenoid derived from shark liver oil, which when formulated into an emulsion is used as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance immune responses in licensed vaccines. However, overfishing is depleting deep-sea shark populations, leading to potential supply problems for squalene. We chemically generated over 20 squalene analogues from fermentation-derived β-farnesene and evaluated adjuvant activity of the emulsified compounds compared to shark squalene emulsion. By employing a desirability function approach that incorporated multiple immune readouts, we identified analogues with enhanced, equivalent, or decreased adjuvant activity compared to shark squalene emulsion. Availability of a library of structurally related analogues allowed elucidation of structure-function relationships. Thus, combining industrial synthetic biology with chemistry and immunology enabled generation of sustainable terpenoid-based vaccine adjuvants comparable to current shark squalene-based adjuvants while illuminating structural properties important for adjuvant activity.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.