ArticlePloS one2023
Sex differences in diabetic foot ulcer severity and outcome in Belgium.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lower extremity amputations in Switzerland: Trends in patients with and without diabetes, 2013-2023.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Preoperative Surgical-Field Antisepsis with a pH-Optimized Sodium Hypochlorite Wound Cleanser in Microsurgical Diabetic Foot Reconstruction: A Single-Center Feasibility Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Changes in Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Diabetic Foot Infections Requiring Toe Amputation: A Long-Term Single-Center Retrospective Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic foot ulcer among patients with diabetes mellitus in Eastern Sudan: A cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- [Clinical characteristics and gender differences in Wagner grade 4-5 diabetic foot patients with variable severity of lower extremity atherosclerotic occlusive disease].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Screening practices and risk factors for diabetic foot complications among patients with diabetes at a tertiary centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Factors associated with severity and outcomes of diabetic foot ulcers: A single center hospital-based cross-sectional observational study in Eastern India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Personalized Approaches to Diabetic Foot Care: The Impact of Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
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- Wound management, healing, and early prosthetic rehabilitation: Part 3 - A scoping review of chemical biomarkers.Canadian prosthetics & orthotics journal · 2025Review
- Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes-related foot complications: A cohort study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Article
- Wound management, healing, and early prosthetic rehabilitation: Part 2 - A scoping review of physical biomarkers.Canadian prosthetics & orthotics journal · 2024Review
- Assessing the effectiveness of targeted educational interventions on enhancing self-efficacy and foot care practices among diabetic women in Jordan.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
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- Metrics of Gender Differences in Mortality Risk after Diabetic Foot Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSex differences are increasingly recognized to play an important role in the epidemiology, treatment and outcomes of many diseases. This study aims to describe differences between sexes in patient characteristics, ulcer severity and outcome after 6 months in individuals with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU).
methodsA total of 1,771 patients with moderate to severe DFU participated in a national prospective, multicenter cohort study. Data were collected on demographics, medical history, current DFU and outcome. For data analysis, a Generalized Estimating Equation model and an adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression were used.
resultsThe vast majority of patients included were male (72%). Ulcers in men were deeper, more frequently displaying probe to bone, and more frequently deeply infected. Twice as many men presented with systemic infection as women. Men demonstrated a higher prevalence of previous lower limb revascularization, while women presented more frequently with renal insufficiency. Smoking was more common in men than in women. No differences in presentation delay were observed. In the Cox regression analysis, women had a 26% higher chance of healing without major amputation as a first event (hazard ratio 1.258 (95% confidence interval 1.048-1.509)).
conclusionsMen presented with more severe DFU than women, although no increase in presentation delay was observed. Moreover, female sex was significantly associated with a higher probability of ulcer healing as a first event. Among many possible contributing factors, a worse vascular state associated with a higher rate of (previous) smoking in men stands out.
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